A guy on an IBM seminar educated me that /usr was indeed "Unix System Resources". It used to bug me that some books and folks called it "user" when clearly the contents aren't user specific but from the other comments I see it used to be that in legacy times! So glad you've shared that, used to really bug me as a noobie. Also a hard lesson I've learnt is whenever you're poking around in /etc always make of copy of any file you edit or one day you'll be sorry if you didn't. Great video as ever!

lost+found is not a 'recycle bin'. It is where files sometimes go ('lost' files with no name) after a file system repair (fsck).

Thank you, Chris. This is Knowledge all users should have.

I didn't expect that someone is able to make such topics which seem to be kind a dull this interesting. I like how you enjoy your videos and the linux os :D

Thanks chris for making this video, really helps. Absolutely love the way you explained every folder. Thanks again

Chris just wanted to say thanks I'm getting ready to take my CCNA and trying to get ahead of the curve with Linux and Python and you've made it very easy for novice like me to understand so much appreciated for everything you do been reccomending your vids to anyone who needs a nice crash course

Thank you so much for this video, Chris. This video was exactly what I needed. I am even going to download a copy of it and keep it saved in my HD just in case UKposts goes the way of the Dodo. Wonderful job. Really appreciate it. Cheers.

You missed out the /opt directory. This tends to be used for "optional" installations which aren't really native Linux programs. E.g. most Mono programs install here.

Very good video, Chris. This is a nice overview. Thank you for your time.

Thank you for this very instructive video. Keep it up! Cheers.

Thank you so much , Chris Keep up and THUMBS up

Chris is Da GOAT for this... Most of us are coming from Windows and actually like the simplicity of it as a point and click operating system. Most Linux and Mac enthusiast don't keep this in mind.

Thanks Chris great and important video.

As always this is an epic video!! Thanks for explaining.

Excellent presentation!!!

Thanks Chris. Great video

Great video, I have been using Ubuntu as my main working OS for the past year and a half and this video has helped me understand what all these folders are, BTW I always assumed that usr was a user data folder (besides home). The .bashrc tip is super handy. Thanks a lot!

This videi helped me the most to learn the Linux file system

Thank you! Beautifull video!

I use to put all my alias in .bashrc. But I started using .bash_aliases for all my alias to keep my .bashrc a little clearer. You touch everything that needed to be said here. A lot of people always wonder where to put all their scripts they created or a clone github files, binary and other applications that they get outside their repositories. Me I just created a /home/user/bin directory to add all that stuff to. Of course have sub-directories in your ~/bin directory to keep it neat and tidy. I always add ~/bin in my $PATH that way I can run those scripts by simply typing out the files name and don't have to use ./ to run those applications. Something worth mention, in your later videos maybe.

In the original Unix implementations, /usr was where the home directories of the users were placed instead of /home.

would like to mention that there is a folder in /usr where you can add custom resources and binaries and scripts and that is /usr/local this is meant to contain all your custom scripts in /usr/local/bin the other folders are rarely used to my knowledge but serve the same function as their equally named counterpart in / most people only use it to contain custom scripts and binaries they need to have system wide access to :)

Chris, could you do a video on how to install and configure NVIDIA proprietary drivers. Configuring multi monitor displays is very difficult.

Great info. I would like to know about drive/data organization. what is the best practices for disaster recovery? Such as should i isolate the different primary folders on different drives and access them using sym links? Like system, swop, home?

@6:01 Exactly and permanent mounts are done in the fstab. The easiest way is to use the UID. That is particularly useful if you have a steam library on a separate drive and don't want to rely on automount.

When I first time saw Unix folder tree, I thought, it's so accurate: each folder has own purpose, not that junk mix like in MS-DOS. But when I was kid, it was difficult to remember all those commands, so I started to learn DOS. In 2019 I see how nice Unix folder structure is. So useful, so intuitive, looks like ideal naming and order. Windows folder + mix of crap is so ugly compared to this. I like how easily can I mount new drives to folder, create links to files, folders, and these special files which connected to devices. When I see filesystem word I think about ext4, xfs etc., not about folder structure. On SSD it doesnt matter which of them You use, they have similar performance.

Create a statefulset of 2 pods, where we log disk space on an hourly basis, in an even odd fashion(use df -h / for getting space). Logger file should stored in the respective pv of pod only. PV should be of size 10Mi. Example - pod-0 (even hours) 2023-01-12T00:00:00 -> /dev/nvme0n1p2 234G 190G 33G 86% / 2023-01-12T02:00:00 -> /dev/nvme0n1p2 234G 191G 32G 87% / and so on pod-1 (odd hours) 2023-01-12T01:00:00 -> /dev/nvme0n1p2 234G 190G 33G 86% / 2023-01-12T03:00:00 -> /dev/nvme0n1p2 234G 191G 32G 87% / and so on

I had some flashbacks during this video, I remembered the old SUNOS / SGI (Irix) workstations during my UNI days in the research departments (64 MB RAM was huge, 16 MB was normal) but they actually did have a folder called /users, the equivalent of /home. I must admit I always pronounce /usr/bin as "user bin" 👽, Good reminder 👏

Fun fact: The /usr directory was the user directory on old unix systems, it later had personal directories of each user in it, they got moved much later to /home. /home was just created to keep the /usr directory clean c:

Thanks you for share your knowledge. I use mx Linux now, any recommendations? Best regards from Uruguay

What's that widget called that's on his desktop? Looks really good

You don't need 2 foam pop filters, you can choose between the one on the mic and the one in front.

Fantastic, thank you, please lots of follow up, thank you.

You don't must exit terminal after change something in .bashrc just write source .bashrc and that will reload settings. Second tip cd ../.. takes you 2 folders up ;) thx for upload!

Hey Chris. This video was super useful. Thanks for it! I wanted to know, is there a terminal command on Ubuntu / Debian distros that lists me all of my installed apps and programs so I can see it clearly and uninstall things I don´t want on my system? Thanks!

A lot of this has gone over my head, is there an introduction to the tech jargon used in this video? It was helpful to get an overview of how to access the file system and maneuver through it. But the details went over my head. Thanks so much, this is helping me. I’ve made the decision to switch to Ubuntu and am in the process of backing up files. For the reason that on my Inspiron 15 3000 Dell, windows has been the biggest pain in my ass I’ve ever experienced with technology. In all of my research this is non-fixable, and stumps all techies that have attempted to “fix” just how bogged down the OS makes this computer. I purchased it to be a nice middle priced computer that was supposed to be fast for writing/photography/music production/gaming, but it’s just had me on the verge of tears for many many reasons, between the unexpected/forced updates, resetting of settings that I’ve manually adjusted with almost every frequent update with absolutely no explanation, I’ve just decided I’m done. Now, if I use a Virtual Machine to run Windows on so I can use Studio one for example, is that doable? Because I’ve got Studio one as a music production software, and it’s frankly amazing. That’s my only hang up and I need to know if this is possible before actually making the switch. I definitely do not want to dual boot with this, I’m sure for obvious reasons, it’s just too much. I have a 1 tb hard drive, intel core i5 10th gen. I was pleased when I initially chose this machine because of the specs, but had NO idea the challenges that accompanied the insane amount of background processing without the ability to solidify a customizable background app control. Despite disabling background functions they continued to run. I’m excited to shift, and learn Linux, and become much more tech savvy. I grew up in the tech age and feel I can pick up on it pretty quickly. These videos help greatly! Any tips or warnings would be greatly appreciated! Thanks so much!

I would like to know why we use filesystem both in terms of FHS and for actual filesystems like btrfs. That probably confuses newer users.

Type in one terminal: ( man hier ) and read.

Hi, Good guide. You might want to change files in /bin, if, for instance you need to temporarily downgrade gcc (some time ago the latest gcc compiler had problems with the kernel source). Go to /bin (or /usr/bin) remove the symbolic link and re-create it pointing to the particular version you need. Also temporarily disabling a program by removing its executable bit can be useful. /var/tmp is a useful place to temporary files that you'd like to survive a reboot. /usr/local/bin is where to install locally-created programs that are system-wide.

I also have a 2TB HDD as a second disk drive...you state that you have yours mounted in media soooo... do I use the systemctl command to mount it to media on boot? I'm sure you've made a video on it so I'll get diggin' :)

Great!

Can you make a more detailed video on mounting devices and checking what's mounted? I have my old 3TB NTFS formatted HDD in my system and it's currently in /media with the directory called what I called the drive while I was still on windows, but it never properly mounts by itself after a boot; I usually have to open Dolphin and click on the HDD there for it to mount at which point my wallpaper shows up and the drive works in terminal. I also heard of people edited something in /etc/fstab to make proton have less issues with NTFS, but couldn't find my HDD there, so I think it's not mounted correctly currently. I'm on Kubuntu 19.04 and it automatically set up the drive in this seemingly weird way, if that helps to know.

Do ya know how I would change a raspberry pi 3 into a server which I can leave on and ssh into it anytime? How would I go about doing that?

A little sidenote, you can log in as administrator by simply entering "su" instead of "sudo su", at least on Manjaro. However, there is one use-case-scenario in which "sudo su" is more convenient, when you just used sudo and it hasn't timed out yet, then entering "sudo" first spares you from typing your password one more time.

Almost everything I do is with tty. Although I mainly work headless in a tty console, so I'm always switching between multiple tty consoles and fg and bg jobs on each. Some people think I'm weird but I have always preferred to work linearly with keyboard and prompt rather than mouse and an event driven GUI. For me I seem to be able to work faster and for my left brain it's beautiful because I control everything that happens based on what I've typed and the options used. No mystery just straight to the action. I get so lost sometimes inside a GUI program with menus and sub menus and windows and child windows and all that jazz. Everyone has experienced this -> imagine trying to find a setting in a gui program and you just can't seem to find it in the event driven sea of menus and windows. You just want to change the theme to dark and stop the spell check from putting a squiggle under your text for example. Is it under options? Is it under preferences? is it under edit->options or project->options or file->preferences? Little side rant... Why options and preferences grrr I hate when programs do that. Well now you have to Google and they tell you it's under options but you don't see it there because your version is newer and has moved it or has it eliminated it? Now you have to find out that. Instead I would rather just type theme=dark; spellcheck=false for a pseudo example. Hahaha I just did all that to see if I could make a case for no GUI and it was a fun little argument to put together. But it's all true. I use tty unless I absolutely can't, like if I need to photoshop or something. Btw ima software programmer and reverse engineer so I write gui based software all the time which is funny.

/lost+found is *NOT* a recycle bin! It's a directory where fsck (filesystem check) puts parts of recovered files when checking that filesystem after an unclean shutdown. And you seem to have some files in it. Then, /media and /mnt serve different purposes: the former is a place where volatile (removable) media is mounted, and the latter is where permanent media (like your 2 TB hard disk) is mounted.

I used to call usr as user but I know it is called Unix System Resources thx Chris! Lol the info stored has now updated as recently like just now XD

Topic suggestion: find info about hardware with dmidecode (for example useful to verify that the RAM is clocked at the set frequency, motherboard often are weird with that after a BIOS-reset), lm-sensors and other tools. Clock-frequency of CPU and RAM, voltage, wattage, temperatures... After that of course how to manually set a fancurve (unfortunately required for many graphics cards, in the case of AMD you need to enter a Matrix in Python in a certain path), undervolt, overclock...

You also left out /opt. Can't remember I've seen many commands referencing it. So it might be there just for legacy.

You're doing God's work.

Chris, how can you change your /home to be on another drive as I'm using an SSD and space is at a premium.

just know that a lot of the config files is in /etc/ ;p

18:07 That is not applicaions that it's showing. Those are Application Menu shortcuts. .desktop files are shortcuts to applications which are in the App Menu.

I am trying to figure out the equivalent to Windows' Drive C. etc. Is that SDA? You skipped over that part.

interesting thanks

what exactly is the difference between the bin and sbin folders? i know both contain programs but...

you can make ssh shortcuts and store them in ~/.ssh/config (config is a text file) an example: Host Odin HostName 192.168.0.1 User admin add that to the config file and you can do : ssh Odin it will ask for a password if you dont have authorized keys set up, then connect you. this keeps all your ssh sessions you use in one tidy place. note: caps is important. Odin is different then odin.

i read "complete *overhaul* " and almost fainted

I believe the collection of OS's with this type of similar filesystem layout (including the BSD's, Solaris, macOS, AIX and other Unix's, and many more) are called *POSIX* based OS's. Basically everything that's not Windows.. because, you know, they're special..

also i cant understand why linux users always use nano or vim or sth like that... i think its just overcomplicated... why not just use gedit or any "normal" editor? and could you please make a video about the differences between the linux "file systems", with that i mean ext4, reiserfs and so on... and what is best for which use? because i first thought this video would be about that ^^

i like your intro !! pretty neay...

If you change your .bashrc you don't need to log out then log in, you can 'source .bashrc' to enable the changes.

tip you can simply user@ip for ssh to hostname with a ssh config file

I think new user often get confused about the diff between mnt and media and when to use which

You didn't mention opt and you didn't mention where regular programs like Firefox get installed.

Manjaro and Arch put their media in /run/, why?

Hello sir, unable to disable compilers in Ubuntu 21.04

Anyone can help me with steam in Linux mint 19.2 cinnamon 64bit Iam having all kinds of slowing issue

The stock installations, like /var/www is just stock. You are supposed to change that in the configuration when you run it for real. /srv/ is the directory where you actually are supposed to store data for servers. So /srv/www/www.my-site.com/www would be a good place for the webserver virtual site www.my-site.com/ (I don't run my editor with sudo(1), because the makes my home directory stored with config files own by root. I use Emacs and open this filen with Tramp using sudo (Just start emacs and type: C-x C-f /sudo:root@localhost:/etc/packman.conf ), which will open the file as root with sudo on the local machine. It I want to open a file with ssh, I open the file "sft:login@machine:filename.txt" or "ssh:login@machine:filename.txt") About removing the wrong fingerprint, you the command instead that is recommended when your ssh are stoped. As the IP-number and name usually are encrypted in the known_hosts file and not in clear text like in your command. It is usually better to save the hosts keys and restore them after the new installation. :-)

"MAGA" & OK!!! Thanks, Chris Titus Tech for Your FILE SYSTEM Efforts!!!

I think IRIX places home directories on /extra/people.

How does /var/www/ compare to localhost:xxxx?

Re: /media and why it's not ideal... i have a single SD broken into 2- 1tb partitions. One contains my movies and the other TV shows. Instead of mounting the whole drive to /media (I don't want it mounted into the root. I really don't like arbitrarily changing the structure of /) I create 2 mount-points under what will be the ~/Videos/ that is automatically created at the first log-in to my DE (KDE, but it's the same in Gnome and others too) ~/Videos/Cinema ~/Videos/TV I then mount to THEM using corresponding entries in /etc/fstab. ez pz and much safer than mounting user data to root. (Bonus tip): i also create 2 invisible folders under ~/Videos for use by downloaders like bit-torrent clients: ~/Videos/.torrents ~/Videos/.incomplete they're self-explanatory. I use them when setting preferences in Ktorrent (rtorrent or w/evs) to drop .torrent files and incomplete videos into, yeah you get the idea. Regarding ~/.bash_profile This file is similar to ~/.bashrc but instead of loading with every new terminal session, it loads with every USER session. This is where you want to put your "environment variables" that you want set across your user session from log-in to log-out. A super-duper common and useful one for gamers is WINEPREFIX. In order to set WINEPREFIX=~/.wine you would open ~/.bash_profile (with vim b/c you *need* to learn vim *shameless vim plug) and append the following line: export WINEPREFIX="$HOME/.wine" and save and quit (in vim that's [esc] to exit edit mode and "ZZ" to save and quit) For new Linux users re: .bash_profile: If you''ve ever been confused when someone says "add it to your $PATH". $PATH, like $WINEPREFIX and even $HOME and $USER are just "environment variables" so ~/.bash_profile is generally where you'd do that. You can re-define $PATH to include any arbitrary paths (for executables) you'd like to add and make available to the current users session, simply adding this to .bash_profile will do it: export PATH=$PATH;/your/path/here; What that does is appends your path to the existing $PATH environment variable . It's like saying PATH = PATH + a new path. "export" makes it available to the user's session at log-in. You will need to log-out (or reboot) and log-in to a new session for the effect to take. I use this to add ~/Scripts where I keep my BASH scripts to my $PATH so that I can just type the name of a script to run it just like it was a binary. (w/o the .sh even) In order to check to see if it worked, just type: echo $WINEPREFIX it should return /home/username/.wine if it returns nothing, you did it wrong or did not start a new session. Make sure you have "start with an empty session" set in whatever DE you use so when you log-out and back in, you'll have a new session and the changes to bash_profile will be in effect.

just know ... this is the basic of linux File system .. just know that there is a lot of folders, just know there is links and files ;P just know this is funny ;P

why does my systems file system always go read only so I have to reboot and do an fsck all the time

What about the opt directory ?

I use to alias "ls -ol" to "lol", so it's funnier to list mi directories.. :V

you gracefully skipped mnt, opt, proc (mentioned, but then skipped anyway), run, srv, sys....

When this popped up in my recommendations and I saw that you were using Manjaro, I thought, "great, maybe he'll explain why Arch-based distros use /run/media for mounts but Debian-based use /media". Instead, you skipped /run and went ahead and created /media instead. :-(

did you skipped /opt? I am sleepy, its 12am here in India

I wont to download it to my Samsung tablet but it wont can anyone help

Second?

Can i put two thumbs Up for this post ? Or only one ☹️ UKposts gave only one thumbs Up button

1979: The GUI was invented. 1984: Machintosh introduced GUI in their computers 1985: Microsoft introduced GUI on Windows 1 ... 2021: Let's use the terminal because is easier to show the file system... Are you serious? Computers moved from command-line environments to GUI because it's easier for people to See graphically what's going on instead of reading awkward text symbols.

Mac OS "TEN". Not Mac OS "EX". The "X" means TEN in roman numerals.

The title of this video should be "Linux Directory Structure" instead of "Linux File Sytems". All of the directories you have shown could be in the same file system or in different file systems.

He finally got away from Chrome!

I Always Work with root beacause I often have to change system files

Don't use sudo su. Use sudo -i

Like 5

FreeBSD is not based on Linux

Bookmarked

You skipped a few and some of the ones you mentioned you didn't really explain. You should read this en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_filesystem

I think what he means is inode filesystems. EDIT: Oh dear, he doesn't know the difference between a filesystem and a directory structure. 😞 Apple's OSX is *not* based on UNIX at all! Anyone who has followed the history of Apple knows that the road to OSX is paved with false starts and legacy code, and that what eventually became OSX started with a Mach microkernel developed for Linux, OS code borrowed from the various "baby BSD" distributions based on 4.4BSD-Lite, that was famously and incontrovertibly purged of all traces of UNIX per the USL v. Regents of the University of California lawsuit, and proprietary code from Apple and Next. Apple did get UNIX® branding from a company that bought rights to market the name (but not the code), and so OSX has the UNIX® brand in the same way that Windows NT had it for a while, and IBM's z/OS, though both Microsoft and IBM have realized that in the 21st century that UNIX is dead and have embraced Linux as the heir to the UNIX throne. OSX does not use any UNIX inode filesystem. The old HFS filesystem came from the old Macintosh OS, and was proprietary and absolutely not UNIX-based. The newer Apple File System is also proprietary and closed. It's unknown precisely how it works, but it is not a standard UNIX filesystem by any stretch of the imagination. Clearly Apple has been able to modify what was essentially FreeBSD, OpenBSD etc. to work with very un-UNIXey filesystems (including FAT) through the Mach 3.0 abstration layer, but that's what we call a kludge.

TYTY

/opt

10:09 my life is a lie

I didnt understand one word you said. Grub man config? WTF? Who are you even talking to?

Whaaat? /sbin -> /usr/bin ? BIN? Not SBIN ? Is it systemd people trying to make Linux the same mess as Windows? Yeah, trolling I know. But seriously, where's the old compartment gone? I mean... why?

"Don't run any programs as root" while running the ls program as root