Making OLED Displays

День тому

Skip to 10:40 if you just want to see how they were made.
Contents:
0:00 Intro
1:29 First OLED: Tang and van Slyke
2:56 Polymer LEDs
4:25 Principle of the AlQ3 OLED
10:40 Let's make some OLEDs!
11:00 3D-printer photolithography
13:30 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
15:52 Device operation
16:57 Black spot formation/degradation
18:50 Hermetic encapsulation
All technical details described in this video can currently be found in the public domain.
Video on the inventors of the OLED:
"Pioneers of OLED: The Ching Wan Tang and Steven Van Slyke Story"
• Pioneers of OLED: The ...
The original paper by Tang and van Slyke can be downloaded for $35 from:
aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.....
I did not do this, so I hope my memory served me well...
Other sources used (fair use policy assumed):
Photo flexible OLED-display: pi-scale.eu
Photo plasma display: "History of the Plasma Display Panel" by Larry F Weber,
Photo Atari Lynx: boards.dingoonity.org/retro-gaming/atari-lynx-lcd-mod-by-mcwill/
Photo PVD: www.tekniker.es/en/pvd
Did I forget anyone / objections? Please let me know and I'll set it straight.
ITO substrates can be bought from many different suppliers on Ebay.com, with widely varying prices. I bought mine (5 pieces) from seller "yaolihong2013" (no affiliation) because the same shop also sells Ytterbium.
The AlQ3 and TPD were both bought from TCI-chemicals (no affiliation).
The 3D-printer used for the photoresist exposures was a Phrozen Sonic Mini 4K. Avoid the new update (1.9) of the Chitubox-software supplied with this printer because it does not work properly. Version 1.8 or earlier does works correctly.
Photoresist used : AZ 4533 supplied by Microchemicals (no affiliation)
Do you like what I do and want to support it? I'v recently started a patreon page: / huygens_optics

КОМЕНТАРІ: 669

@HuygensOptics 2 роки тому

Some people got a bit angry, sad, or even emotional because of my rather cynical closing remark (which suggests planned obsolence of these devices). In a way, I guess that is a good thing, because I myself am very much against such practices. But unfortunately this remark also misses some of the nescessary nuance: with OLED devices it is still difficult to achieve the same long operational life times that we know from LCD -displays, due to the limited stability of some of the materials. An aspect I should have added is that, even though it is possible to achieve very long shelf life in research by using exotic packaging methods, these methods can not always be transferred directly to mass production. For example, the metal seal shown in the video was made of a metal mixture that is unacceptable for production based on environmental considerations. Also, the packaging was quite expensive to manufacture. When bringing a product to the market, the design is always the sum of considerations regarding quality, price and environmental impact. And since consumers nowadays are not always prepared to pay for quality, regrettably there is a lot of inferior products on the market.

@Hey_MikeZeroEcho22P 2 роки тому

An INCREDIBLE Video!!! I preferred people being upfront on what Could happen, then saying Good Luck, we build it to specs, and it fails later ( wait...why did I have a failed product ). On a side note.... this probably explains why this happened to me on an OLED display in my home.

@KallePihlajasaari 2 роки тому

I think from your tone it should be obvious that you are not delighted by the practice of limited design life. Thank you for making it a conversation point. Planned obsolescence is when there is a better design choice for long life and it is NOT TAKEN, not when a marketing compromise has to be made.

@jotatsu 2 роки тому

I have 3 of the first commercial color portable oled devices, nokia n85(2008) galaxy s(2009) and Cowon s9 (2008). Nokia and galaxy used for 3 years maybe before storing in the shelf, cowon s9 almost continuous use for 12 years. None of them developed burn in, while a lot of my later oled phones did (galaxy s7 active likes to turn pinkish for example), i tried to find examples on the web of this devices getting burn in, very few in a decade. I think the oled devices are long lived (so far), but samsung changed the chemical recipe at some point and the newer devices are more prone to burn in.

@hycarl.1623 2 роки тому

Show us how to perform lens coating! It is useful for camera refurbishment for lens coating damaged by fungus ...

@HatelivesNextDoor 2 роки тому

I found none of those emotions when hearing that comment. It made me want to subscribe to hear more honest thoughts. I cant imagine how frustrating it must be to give somebody an innovation, and watch them dissemble it, remove the benefits, and use its mass appeal for profit. Loving the content by the way. Thanks for showing me this procedure and making it easy to understand. And also thank you for explaining further on HOW one would make an item that truly lasts. It helped me understand why it is/was an exciting thing to be researching.

@AppliedScience 2 роки тому

Really, really nice work putting this video together! The brightness of your oled is much higher than I'd expect. Now I'm curious about hole transport vs injection...

@HuygensOptics 2 роки тому

Thanks Ben. Concerning the difference between hole injection and transport layers: I'm not an expert on this, but I think the hole injection is specifically intended to match electrostatic potentials at the anode in order to create as many holes in the material as possible. The transport layer has a high P-type conductivity. So the voltage drop over the transport layer is relatively low and the field over the luminescent layer will be relatively high. In this way it is possible to inject a lot of holes into the electroluminescent layer and at the same time cause most of the recombination to take place in the luminescent layer.

@oskimac 2 роки тому

ben! stop procrastinating on youtube and go to your lab!uploads something to as!!

@capnthepeafarmer 2 роки тому

I can see Ben now wanting to use his antique camera to make some high quality OLED masks. :)

@anoirbentanfous 2 роки тому

Hey Ben, here is another valuable video ukposts.info/have/v-deo/fHxmnpqkgZ9ozGQ.html

@frollard 2 роки тому

@@capnthepeafarmer it occurred to me that the 35u pixels on the printer being too big might be a solvable problem with a macgyver setup of a fresnel lense and an objective...could get those pixels down to itty-bitty.

@VHSlaxrules 2 роки тому

This is a throwback of a video. In college I took a lab where we made OLEDs in the same process described in the video. It was taught by my professor Dr. David Braun. He worked at Phillips in the early 90s in Europe. It is possible you worked with him.

@HuygensOptics 2 роки тому

Yes I do know David, I have worked with him at Philips. I think after his time at Philips he went back to Santa Barbara.

@rhoddryice5412 2 роки тому

When I was fifteen my mum was feed up with me always playing my records on the stereo in the living room. She promised me to pay half if I came up with the rest. This was November 86. I bought a Philips for £400. Record player, radio, double cassette and CD all integrated. It’s still working. I’ve changed the belts, but the motors are all fine. That’s quality for you.

@MadScientist267 2 роки тому

When I grow up I wanna be a fireman!

@SuperAWaC 2 роки тому

You can still buy things that last, but you have to pay for them. Nobody wants to pay for them. People want cheap things they can just throw away, even if they say otherwise most of the time. Companies are merely giving us exactly what we are asking for. Simple.

@Bialy_1 2 роки тому

" I’ve changed the belts" Philips nowdays is one of the big companies that are lobbing against 'right to repair'...

@Bialy_1 2 роки тому

@@SuperAWaC You are only 99.99% wrong... its called planned obsolescence and it have nothing to do with your silly idea that you need to pay much more for products that are made with longevity in mind. Most idiotic part of your idea is the fact that you think that it can be like that for ever because it is some kind of a law of mother nature or something. We diging out our resources out of the Earth and then most of them are ending in massive pile of trash where they are considered irrecoverable... that can not last long as the resources of the Earth are limited! No to mention that you "simply" advocating for some greedy share owners that are forcing us to pay multiple time for the same product... looks that you "simply" lack imagination to see that they are making a sucker out of you and suner or later everyone gonna need to pay for it when we will be forced to pay premium for the resources as they will be in huge pile of trash and it will be expensive to get them back out of it.

@SuperAWaC 2 роки тому

@@Bialy_1 The right to repair movement is misguided, and as it is now will only make things worse.

@paranoiia8 2 роки тому

Even if I understand how OLED and lcd screens work I still can't believe how the hell we managed to push that technology to microscopic size and make hi-dense screens that push hundreds of pixels in space of one mm... The same with processors, we managed to squeeze so much transistors in such small space... Also damn... I still sometimes think that 1990 was few years ago... We are old...

@Codeoftherpg 2 роки тому

I watched this video in hopes of closing the perceived gap between OLED being science and not just magic. Seeing how much it took just to get a barebones low resolution single color display almost reinforces the belief that these OLED panels on phones and such are secretly magic. I'm not well studied in chemistry and electric engineering but I could understand the general concepts in this video, and I still have to take a huge leap of faith to believe my phone screen and TVs aren't just magic instead.

@RFC-3514 2 роки тому

> _"how the hell we managed to push that technology to microscopic size"_ Lenses, lenses, lenses. Now, if only there was some UKposts channel about _those..._ ;-)

@CraigBrideau 2 роки тому

@@RFC-3514 Also lithography techniques from the semiconductor industry. The same idea is used to cram more transistors into CPUs.

@RFC-3514 2 роки тому

@@CraigBrideau - _"A semiconductor lithography system undertakes a process whereby highly complex circuit patterns drawn on a photomask made of a large glass plate are _*_reduced using ultra-high-performance lenses_*_ and exposed onto a silicon substrate known as a wafer."_

@CraigBrideau 2 роки тому

@@RFC-3514 What they don't tell you is that they are actually pushing past the diffraction limit of those lenses using interferometric techniques! That's how you can get

@4.0.4 2 роки тому

What an absolute gift to have people like you on UKposts, explaining complex science to us plebs 😄

@AG-pm3tc 2 роки тому

The fact that a channel of your caliber exists, amazes me every time.

@scottb721 2 роки тому

"Devices made for eternity aren't necessarily good for business" 😂 Love that line

@turf6863 2 роки тому

_[Planned Obsolescence intensifies]_

@mitchellroberts7954 2 роки тому

This is an incredibly underrated statement in current society.. right to repair doesn't necessarily solve this problem in the realm of complex oled displays but it does help in reducing the waste from peripheral failures in the pcb's that power the oled displays and other electronics.

@jdpantoja442 2 роки тому

True capitalist story. :')

@TengizAdamashvili 2 роки тому

I subscribed during this video, unsubscribed after this phrase

@monad_tcp 2 роки тому

@@jdpantoja442 the opposite idea would be stagnate with the same design forever, which is death. adapt or die. even biology, you can't escape that.

@alexlefevre3555 4 місяці тому

This man just happens to have his own thermal deposition setup. Absolutely amazing.

@vincei4252 2 роки тому

Oh wow, I worked as a contractor for Philips in Hamburg, Germany in the mid 90's before moving to the states. Video already got a like :-)

@etelmo 2 роки тому

Oh wow, I never thought to use my 3D printer to expose photoresist... this alone is going to streamline PCB prototyping and make very quick once off builds a complete joke for me to produce. I can't thank you enough for that trick! It's so obvious now that I've seen it but I never put it together until you did it :O

@nikosorf4250 2 роки тому

Honestly, yeah it was such an obvious application

@etelmo 2 роки тому

Obvious and yet here I was printing masks out like a fool, but no more!~

@moistmike4150 2 роки тому

It's weird how the utterly obvious is so hard to reveal. Einstein is probably the best example of a mind that could look at reality and make the connections needed to reveal the fundamental obviousness extant in the universe. Like a fish not knowing that it lives its entire life suspended in a liquid.

@Derlaft 2 роки тому

Yeah, it's like SNAP. Now we need to find a way to rig 4k replacement screen from this printer to RPi. That should be such a wonderful device for PCB prototyping.

@user-cr4sc1ht9t 2 роки тому

Genius idea _seems_ obvious but only after hearing about it

@papps44 2 роки тому

Did my physics master's project on this technology over 20 years ago. You could count the amount of research papers on oleds with 2 hands. Instability and degradation was a big hurdle in the early devices, hope me and my fellow colleagues work was of some benefit.

@BreakingTaps 2 роки тому

Wow! Your device looked great, and the explanations were really helpful! I understood how OLEDs worked at a very high level, but seeing all the intimate details really helped solidify how they _actually_ function, and filled in a lot of gaps (particularly the recombination of holes and electrons "inside" the organic layer, makes sense but never thought about that being the mechanism). Interesting to hear about the challenges of OLEDs and making them scalable. Seriously great work, thanks for sharing!

@BRUXXUS 2 роки тому

When I'm recommended a video from a (relatively) small channel that's FULL of comments from my absolute favorite channels I know I've found something special. :)

@marcteenhc9793 2 роки тому

Sir, I do enjoy your videos very much! The best part of these, at least for me, is that even without a higher education or training in physics and/or electronics, I am still able to get the main idea of your very educating videos. Erg bedankt!!!

@SWAGCOWVIDEO 2 роки тому

I'm struggling through a course in college on semiconductor theory and it's inspirational to see what you can actually do with the information if you understand it. Great presentation!

@TIMETECH07 2 роки тому

Finally got around to know how my phone's display is made. This is probably the most educational video I've seen so far

@ZiggityZeke 2 роки тому

I love how much this feels like a lecture, in a good way

@EpicMRF 2 роки тому

The method of using the 3d printer like that is probably the coolest thing I have seen all year.

@takeyoshix 2 місяці тому

Making OLEDs at home... that's beyond awesome!

@excitedbox5705 2 роки тому

My dad worked at a company for a while which worked on a brightness compensation algorithm for oled screens in the mid 2000s. As the oled ages it gets dimmer and they figured out a way to boost the voltage to compensate for this without causing bright/dark spots.

@Tattlebot 2 роки тому

As I understand, dimming in OLEDs occurs due to the current causing migration of cathode ions into further layers, quenching the phosphorescence. As it is a function of applied current, the lifetime of the display is determined by its operating voltage.

@kreuner11 3 місяці тому

At some point this indeed might no longer compensate for the wear of the oled, I think modern OLEDs are generally a bit less susceptible to this?

@TheEvertw 2 роки тому

This is hands-down the best high-tech science channel on YT.

@LesLaboratory 2 роки тому

An amazing video! I remember drooling over articles about OLED's in the 90's. Beautiful.

@tobuslieven 2 роки тому

It's really impressive work. Huge thank you for documenting these processes.

@PixelSchnitzel 2 роки тому

I absolutely *LOVE* this channel! Every episode is like a fresh injection of knowledge, inspiration and ambition to achieve.

@hrtlsbstrd 2 роки тому

This is a remarkable video, supremely informative without being overwhelming. Thanks for sharing your knowledge!

@nmxsanchez 2 роки тому

Wstching this on a foldable OLED screen and it just made appreciate it even more. Thank you for sharing your memories with us.

@Alexander_Sannikov 2 роки тому

i think your kids must be incredibly grateful to have a father like you

@Jeremy-pf3bb 2 роки тому

Love the science overview here. Thank you for making this video. It is not easy to find informative videos on technologies from experts in the field.

@martin2250 2 роки тому

You have just the right amount of detail in the explanations, thank you for all your videos!

@adampopawski6460 4 місяці тому

This is what a real inventor looks like. Thank you

@zephyrmeridian9398 2 роки тому

I just think it's amazing how much great educational material is made available by the technology and science UKposts community. It's work that really has a great impact on helping others learn more about the technology and phenomenon that play such large parts of our lives. Thank you for your work

@LuigiRosa 2 роки тому

I really admire a person like you that has the knowledge, the skill and the tools in his home to build a working OLED. Great respect.

@LeoMakes 2 роки тому

Amazing to not just hear about but to actually see how an OLED works (and breaks down in air, if not properly sealed). Thanks very much for making this video!

@garrydu3936 3 місяці тому

The video helped me understand the mechanism of hole and electrons meeting each other in the Laye and emitting light. thank you very much

@hullinstruments 2 роки тому

I adore your channel! Never thought I’d see the day with real science happening on UKposts! In such a big way! Thank you.

@movelikejaeger1914 2 роки тому

Thank you for showing us your work and taking the time to explain it.

@adawg3032 Рік тому

Great to go down this memory lane with you good sir. o7

@damirs3430 2 роки тому

love watching a pro do their thing, this is amazing! Big props

@FasihRana 2 роки тому

I have no idea, why this video was recommended to me but I absoluely love this information rich content here!

@zarblitz 2 роки тому

Great presentation. Even as someone with no professional nor higher academic experience in chemistry or physics (but a just a hobbyist interest these days) you very clearly explained the mechanism. Well done.

@malcolmwright7440 2 роки тому

On a side note to vacuum vapour deposition. I am a second generation radio and TV Tech. Just as vacuum tubes were being phased out, I discovered that the main reason valves needed to be replaced was not because the cathode lost its ability to emit electrons, but because of international deposition (vacuum vapour deposition) of the tungsten from the cathode material on the insulating surfaces over the time the valve was used. I actually built a high voltage spark generator (same as a Taser) which you could see destroy the tungsten deposited on the insulating surfaces and I used to "repair low emmisive valves" and picture tubes. You could see blue spark's inside the glass envelope until the tungsten deposited was gone. This use to fix a lot of valves, including Boost diodes and Line Output valve's and bring them up like new ! I think I saw reference to this in a device advertised in America for boosting valves (vacuum tubes). And yes you could actually see the tungsten being blown off the inside of the glass envelope thus removing what was a high resistance leakage between the pins. And NO it did NOT reactivate the cathode material, you could see exactly what was happening inside the glass envelope !

@3amali1 2 роки тому

What an excellent video!! The theoretical and the experimental sides of it are just perfect complement to each other!

@is_it_science 2 роки тому

Excellent! A brilliant detail, I like the explanation of "organic" - how could you keep your head away from jargon. I, being a chemist, would never think of explaining this term losing the listeners.

@DrakkarCalethiel 2 роки тому

What an amazing video on an equally amazing topic! So glad that I found your channel half a year ago.

@SpartanX360 2 роки тому

Thank you for bringing us the tech that everyone take it for granted.

@lawmate 2 роки тому

Cool video. I did an internship at TNO in Eindhoven working on similar things in 2006. I remember the samples always degrading quickly. That's so nice you can make these in your home setup

@keithmanning6564 2 роки тому

Your videos are so detailed and interesting yet easy to understand, I always learn something. Thank you.

@HughOBrien 2 роки тому

Fascinating watch, thank you for working on this.

@halonothing1 2 роки тому

Great video. Great channel all around. Such unique and enlightening content with no punches pulled on the technical details. Just the way I like it! Thanks for sharing your passion with us. Cheers.

@ArtamisBot 2 роки тому

I really liked the zoomed microscope shots that showed the degradation of the device. Surreal!

@theodoreomtzigt7145 2 роки тому

Love your explanation of the OLED manufacturing engineering. Learned something today! Thank you.

@rayoflight62 2 роки тому

I have a collection of MP3 Players, with the most disparate display types. All of them have been manufactured prior to year 2006. Well, all the MP3 players with an OLED display are no longer functional, as the display is dead. Those with a built-in battery are no longer functional, too. The players with an LCD Display powered by a primary cell still works like a treat. Thank you for the video...

@fluffy_tail4365 2 роки тому

this channel is a goldmine. You are so good in explaining those concept very clearly.

@zz3709 2 роки тому

Fascinating video! Always great to see technology like this being within reach of average people (outside of a large lab). Thank you so much for this!

@wilfredswinkels 2 роки тому

We used Barium as the electron emitter at OTB at the time. The life time test came out in the same ballpark :-D and we couldn't find anything to stop the water ingress except the glass sandwich, which was deemed too expensive, but obviously the best solution. (still have some experimental display's (now I want to test them :-D ))

@thesquatchdoctor3356 5 місяців тому

We need to get you on tour giving seminars in high schools, no kid would ever question the value of science class again. Thank you for teaching something like anyone can do it

@EternallySurprised 4 місяці тому

Also for me a trip down memory lane as I have worked at Aixtron before, developing deposition machines for OLED production. Was a great time!

@Mister_G Рік тому

I have only just found your channel - The explanations and demonstrations are absolutely fantastic. Thank you.

@abdultairu 2 роки тому

As much as I enjoyed the manufacturing process, I did enjoyed the theoretical explanations more as it took me back in time to my physical/organic chemistry class when I was a chemistry student.

@1123pawel 2 роки тому

This stuff is so cool! I am very glad that I stumbled upon your channel a while back and I'm also really grateful for your channel and a the uploads!

@wadehsu2347 2 роки тому

This is amazing. I remember reading about OLED in Scientific American back in 2004. It talked about making flexible display out of it. Almost 20 years later, we now have phones that have flexible displays.

@campbellmorrison8540 2 роки тому

Excellent, Ive always wondered how an OLED was constructed, thank you for sharing this

@brendanfernandia8630 Рік тому

Your videos are amongst the most impressive I've ever seen on UKposts. Respect dude.

@sky173 2 роки тому

Wow, I'm really glad I found this channel. This is some great stuff. I'm looking forward to more. Cheers.

@Max-wi6oc 2 роки тому

Very impressive! I never thought that I would learn so much about OLED technology in such a short timespan.

@JoseSilveira-newhandleforYT 2 роки тому

Great project and excellent video! Very informative and a pleasure to watch!

@raguaviva 2 роки тому

This channel is really amazing! Thanks for sharing all your inventions!!

@BRUXXUS 2 роки тому

Holy smokes, what a great video! So information dense, yet I was able to understand it all. You taught me a lot in a short time. Thank you.

@mikesnapper9001 2 роки тому

I wish i could just wake up in the morning and be like .. "Today imma make an oled display"

@Maclman1 2 роки тому

Wow, super nice results and using a resin printer to expose it was so clever!

@beskamir5977 2 роки тому

Wow that was incredibly cool. I learned stuff about OLED displays I wasn't even aware I didn't know yet.

@matthewellisor5835 2 роки тому

Wow! Thank you for preserving this institutional knowledge and taking the time, effort and expense to give example.

@garrettbluma257 2 роки тому

Excellent description and demonstration. Here's a comment to make sure the algorithm gets you some more views.

@ProjectPhysX 2 роки тому

Very impressive technology. Watching this on the OLED screen of my phone, where pixels are so tiny that I cannot see them by eye.

@DynamicSun 4 місяці тому

fantastic demo work, thanks, and to see the oxidation is great

@ovalwingnut 2 роки тому

"A hundred times every day I remind myself that my life's work is based on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving". --Albert Einstein (1879-1955) You have my friend... Thank you. Cheers

@ngohung49 2 роки тому

nice production , great lesson. Thank you so much for making such a great experiment on OLED displays !

@reyariass 4 місяці тому

I learned a few things from this video: 1) Making an OLED display is much more complicated than I thought 2) I can’t make my wall an OLED because of thing 1 3) Buy Phillips OLEDs

@BlameItOnGreg 2 роки тому

Such a great explanation. Much thanks for this video!

@justinhicks1711 2 роки тому

Enthusiasm and well voiced. I always wanted to learn what makes a clean room what it is and to work in lithography for futuristic displays and interferometry. Your work from seven months ago on Logic circuits of light also very neat.. .

@alexmcnabb7957 4 місяці тому

When I cracked my phone screen, I saw the exact same degradation pattern - Over the course of a few days black regions slowly spread out from the regions that were damaged until the whole screen stopped working. It''s neat to be able to understand exactly why and how that happened!

@186233 2 роки тому

Thank you for sharing your experience with us.

@krobert81568 Рік тому

This is the best tutorial I seen on making OLED think your very much for taking the time to do this.

@zachreyhelmberger894 2 роки тому

FASCINATING presentation!! If you assume the business is operating under the "manufacturing model", yes, long lasting parts are not good for business. But if the business is operating under the "service of" model of business, then parts that last a REALLY long time are MUCH more profitable and can put landfills out of business. The motto of the manufacturing model of business is: "the more widgets you sell, the more money you make" or another way to say it is: "the more garbage you produce, the more money you make". The motto for the "service of" business model is: "the more satisfied subscribers you have the more money you make". In this model, the incentive is to make things last a long time, require the least possible service provider intervention and minimize energy and resource consumption.

@edgeeffect 8 місяців тому

We all know that devices like this are made in clean room conditions and that dust and contamination are bad. But most commentators stop before it comes to reasons. So your demonstration of what happens, what problems it can cause and what effects those problems can have (with a diagram too) are excellent.

@Kyrazlan 2 роки тому

Awesome video. This is the kind of tech video I love to see.

@elvin5304 Рік тому

I studied materials for thousands of hours at university as an engineering student but rarely excited on topics although all was scientific things. But seeing this video just reminded me how I love science in practice. Your video material is one of the best so far I ever watched. Thank you for sharing. Subscribed for more.

@lambdasun4520 Рік тому

This is gold, extremely interesting, thank you for sharing your experience sir!

@Emerson1 2 роки тому

in the 90s I was at Xerox and remember seeing similar experiments.. thanks for a great video !

@robpeters5204 2 роки тому

Thank you for your contributions. I have always been fascinated with LED’s and it’s technology since I was in high school in 82. It’s only the past year I’ve gotten back to basics with electronics again. How things have changed.

@ilkersar7083 2 роки тому

amazing work!! i learn so many things about n and p type teory, thx a lot! :)

@DanieleGiorgino 2 роки тому

Really clever using the resin printer to make the photoresist pattern. Great video!

@ledgeri 2 роки тому

When i saw the thumbnail, i got the catch, when i saw the "wood-walk" even for a second, i know i am in a good place! Thanks for the thecnological progress!!!

@lucaskemperman8261 10 місяців тому

Great video, I enjoyed it a lot. I need to present to my class on the working principle of OLEDs and this was very helpful in building my understanding.