The TACTICAL shovel, goddammit. Why can't you heathens wrap your mind around this simple concept? TACTICAL shovels are the ultimate invention.

Ironic

What about the pickaxe?

@@guilhermecaiado5384 pickaxe ain't tactical.

ukposts.info/have/v-deo/mnKDpaJkg3xj14E.html

You win the internet today!

Master, MASTER! Your talking too quick, do you want me to sit, or fetch that fucking stick?!

I know it's a joke but you just need high school Science to understand this video

Blah blah blah joe Blah blah

Bro. XD

Those pieces of silicon are the most complex objects ever made by mankind. Your modern CPU has tens of billions of transistors packed into a few square centimeters, each capable of switching on and off billions of times a second. The process of making them can only be described as black magic.

Actually, the first transistors were germanium, not silicon. And other materials have been tried as well, e.g. gallium arsenide. Also note that the “doping” process uses such tiny traces of the additional elements to make such a big change to its electrical properties, the substrate would still for many purposes be considered “chemically pure”.

and this invention leads to the development of Twitter causing the downfall of Humanity

It changed the life of Kardarshians too😂

i think its more fascinating how someone figured it all out.

To be precise a MOSFET (as opposed to the JFET), where MOS stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor, and FET for Field Effect Transistor.

They are all based on the same principles, some are current controlled and some are voltage controlled, some has current gain, some have voltage gain. The junction transistor led to not just FETs, but also BJTs and numerous other structures. The current silicon based transistors are a modification of the MOSFET, called a FinFET (invented at UC Berkeley) which itself has been modified.

It's akin due to extremely high impedance of low signal of low noise amplification being somewhat isolated from intended circuit.

​@stevenvanhulle7242 The Mosfet is a brute but esd's can destroy it in a heart beat. I've repaired many car audio amplifiers and too many to recall a number of such. But I do recall one customer saying he and a friend was listening to his booming stereo system playing Blackmores rainbow and there was a lightning strike very close by and stereo stopped working from that point. I replaced all mosfets and fast rectifiers in power supply circuits in both Coustic brand amps that he used.

​@@henrylee8510the FET has a completely different design, i dont feel like they are that related

And too slow.

This was an awesome comment that hurts to realized it’s truth

Just smash the right amount of atoms on top of one another?

lol

Photons are just the way of the future, get over it old man!

We still have about 4-5 years left.

Imagine where we'll be in another 112 years.

Alex: in caves

Alex: Wondering what's behind that 10,000 foot tall wall we built in 2017

Slightly tan walkers?

Wait until you understand the complexity of a single human cell or even the RNA! Human brain is far more complicated than the understanding it gained about the human brain!! Barely scratched the surface!!

​@@igo_twikesYou sound like someone who believes in god

@@NiceEyeballs what do you mean

@@NiceEyeballsWell, God is real🤷 Jesus is Lord.

@@calicoesblue4703 God is real but is not a man

What did you get a degree in

@@Coolgiy67 probably engineering

@@mwanikimwaniki6801 I’m currently getting a electrical engineering degree

@@Coolgiy67 I'm currently pursuing Mechatronic engineering. It so happens that transistors are part of what I'm doing this sem.

@@mwanikimwaniki6801 mechatronics wow are you going to school in America?

oh man you've made my day lol

Best comment ,😂

Understand, but I felt better after watching the smilar video on SC :)

Age about 12, in about 1967, we learned about both the chemistry and the mathematics behind this. Transistor radios had become commonplace so we all knew about the concept. Has education gone backwards since then or were you not paying attention? I'm only slightly above average IQ, certainly no brain box

@@cuebj we just became more lazy...

semiwhat?

KaninchenGaming -inactive- lmao

@@kaninchengaming-inactive-6529 ur semimom.

@@kaninchengaming-inactive-6529 semiwhatwhat?

I've only known about semiconductors for a week now through an introductory computer hardware course and some google searches on CPUs. I understood this video. I probably wouldn't have 8 days ago though 😄

Quantum tunnelling is itself integral to how transistors (and vacuum tubes) work in the first place.

exactly, it is a series of discoveries & inventions

You’re right, that was an amazing series from BBC. Cleverly, and interestingly written, shot and edited.

To me the printing press is number 1.

To be fair, this video assumes you already have some knowledge of how electronics works, so for someone already familiar with this kind of thing it is simple. For the rest of us.....not so much.

If you understand basic electrical components and how electrical circuits work, it is fairly simple. It's essentially a switch controlled by current.

at least its not a MOSFET

It's a switch

@@TheMidnightillusion if they have electronic concepts,they know transistor

Fresh Tall-Walker I read everything! This is my obsession. I ain't stopping anytime soon

Real Engineering You are seriously a great youtuber, and unlike some others, your accent isn't so heavy that its hard to understand. You simplify things well, and your explanations make sense.

Except that in this case he is incorrect as he explained bipolar transistors and they are not used in processors or FPGAs any more. CMOS or NMOS has been the route most companies have been going down for decades. The first commercial transistors used gallium not silicon and the Field Effect Transistor has been around at least in the lab since 1925 and patented in 1926.

It's also total bullshit, but w/e lol

I just upvoted so that you have 666 upvotes :)

Isn't it ironic how your phone is made of silicone a product of sand which is product of sand rock. The Bible states that when man refuses to praise God the trees and rocks will begin praising him.

What's more marvelous is how most people don't seem to be able comprehend just how marvelous this is.

@@DavidA.Johnson "silicone" 🤡

My BRAIN TREMBLES!!

come on it is like a fucking mechanical stwich or relay only that's electronic and switched thousands millions times per second with a hyper fast finger, a quarz reloj pulse.

Ok, fairies and magic smoke, I get it now

thatonebeone hahahaha same here

I see what you did there

the two simplest ones are the and and or gates. for an "and" gate, imagine two switches in a row, both need to be on for the circuit to be complete giving a value of 1. If one of them is off, there is no current, and the value is 0. For an "or" gate, it's two switches in parallel. As long as one (or both) is on, the circuit is again complete. other gates get more complicated, but that should give you a basic idea. Hope it helps!

there's a stupidly good video on the subject NumberPhile. The wiring of an and gate in NPN is pretty interesting.

do you need help you said you fell, are you hurt?

XOR (eXclusive OR) is like a pair of light switches for one room - Either switch On = Light On. Both switches On ~OR~ Off = Light Off. That is: 00 = 0, 01 = 1, 10 = 1, 11 = 0.

I understand what you're saying but as someone with a degree in Electrical Engineering I found it easy enough to follow. Obviously it goes without saying that's because I already know how that step works. But honestly, the way he describes how the electrons move and how the transistor works I felt like I had an epiphany or something. I never once had it click like that for me and all of a sudden those first semesters of class make more sense

Zanzubaa1.that's debateable depending on one's worldview, but i more or less agree with you.

Zanzubaa1 electricity was always there to, we harnessed it

true, but the transistor is a pretty novel concept

All technology is the result of identifying and harnessing natural phenomena. We didn't invent fire, we just learned how to control it. Same for electricity, and same for transistors, we didn't invent the semi conductor effect, it has always existed, we just noticed it and then learned how to control it for our purposes.

Fire (light And heat) was the first time we harnessed the electromagnetic force as light and heat are on the spectrum of electromagnetism.

You're not alone

Same here.

Those naval guns did change the world tho

A transistor is a woman who becomes a man

same. too much World of Warships. :(

i relate to this

I can relate😂

I can relate bru

Lol U dumb

asdfg yxcv how rude lmao

@@test-qz4dq Yeah

@Jr Engineers I'm thinking about trying one

That's the state of Indian education system.

It's ones and zeros all the way down...

Mind=Blown

Binaryception?

illuminati Confirmed

Yo dawg, I heard u leik ones and zeroes...

incredible video!

yeah I was a bit iffy with making this video, since there are so many on the subject already. I put a stupid amount of effort into the animations, in the hopes that would make it the best video on the subject.

I agree, you did a great job with this.

Probably you achieved that! Fantastic explanation, as always! However, I wish this video came 1 year earlier :D

This helped me a lot , as a construction engineer i know a thing or two about physics , but this was the first time i understood how vacuum tubes work (because of the animation). THANK YOU!

I call bullshit on this

like an up spin or a down spin?

Pun intended?

frame of essence made a very good video on that ("you dont know how a quantum computer works")

Please tell me you purposely made that pun!

+laxpors that's the name of the video XD

Yeah I caught that too; what a Bafoon!🤓

N-type silicon (donor doped, with a group 5 element) have an extra (donor) electron in their lattice, this makes them net negative. P-type silicon (acceptor doped, with a group 3 element) have a missing electron (acceptor) in their lattice which is represented as a moving “hole” with a positive charge, this makes them net positive.

Good catch.

I've never stopped to think about this, but it makes total sense

@@richardramos5124 No it doesn't make them net-negative or net-positive. Remember if I dope the wafer with let's assume Phosphorous, it will give 1 extra electron to lattice but it will still carry the same positive charge in it's nucleus.

3:58 ptype is not positively charged... both ptype and ntype are neutral

@@keppa3635 While there is no "Charge" that naturally exists in either of the doped materials, atom-for-atom there are more electrons in the N-type material (and fewer in the P-type material) than in pure silicon.

​@@dalexplym4882 But that's not what positive/negative charge is. A material is positively charged if it has more protons than electrons. In both P-type and N-type material, they have/lack an extra electron but the electron/proton balance is still 0 meaning both types are neutral in charge.

@@sk8erJG95 how does it stay 0 when you add or remove an electron? Wouldn't that tip the scale to one side or the other?

0 + 0 = 1 1 + 1 = 0 0 + 1 = 1 1 + 0 = 1 That's how I understand it

@@esotericmelody9718 NOR?

Nah don't worry about it. He didn't explain it properly, it was very rushed.

@@esotericmelody9718 I didn't understand the "Carry" part , cos AND gives 1 when both are 1 and 0 when both are 0, so AND should give 1+1 = 1 while XOR would give 1+1 = 0 ( I'm talking abt the second box in the 4-bit 11 binary code) , so 1 from AND and 0 from XOR should give 1 in 2nd box, I dont understand how the 1 carries forward to the 1st box. Please explain this Also, i m addressing the boxes from left to right...

Me learning to become an auto tech: Negative signals gives us zero and positive gives us one! Engineer: Yeah that works in cars, but this is actually how this works. Me: Uh... ok, I think.

Yes you're very fortunate to live in these times. When I studied Electrical Engineering in the 80's there wasn't any computers or video tu

@@crod6431 nowadays electrical engineering and computer engineering are a joint degree. I'm planning on taking a masters in electrical & computer engineering after my BC in physics.

@@Caaro99 wishing u good luck

you can view them. thats what a flame is. or lightening.

@@crod6431 lol you did coding on paper

Yunaz... 😂😂😂

Lmao

Except that cheaper AMD processors can't compare to Intel in power, and the ones that do are comparable to Intel in price. There really is no difference.

@@imaginarystranger1974 Really? A 22C/44T 2.2GHz Xeon processor (E5-2699) Costs $4115 USD, in comparison, a 32C/64T 3.5GHz Threadripper processor (TR3970X) costs $1900 USD, so at less than half the price, it has a 1.3 GHz higher base clock (I'll ignore boost clock for this) and 10 more cores, there is a difference.

@@imaginarystranger1974 man sales say it all , AMD is cheaper , consumes lesser power, providers much better performance, "yes even in single threaded applications " and this is just Zen2 aka Ryzen 3000 , zen3 will be more of this!

Yeah but commonly in electronics semiconductors get assigned positive and negative notations regardless, and the material with extra electrons gets called positive for the sake of keeping it within the bounds of naming conventions, not necessarily because it is charged.

basically every single college teacher ever

some teachers are definitely better than others, thats a great shame for some growing minds

compute.

Except logic gates use FET's not Bipolar transistors these days and have done for decades.

interesting. Any other advances we should know about?

Depends on the area of electronics you are working in. Germanium transistors (bipolar) are being further researched in labs for ultra low noise applications, Gallium Arsenide for MMIC high frequency circuits, silicon carbide for high temperature semiconductors, and I am personally looking at valve triodes for some applications where semiconductors have too many disadvantages. I personally have a stock of OA95 diodes (about 150) because you just cannot get a silicon equivalent. Solid core memory is preferable to modern semiconductor memory in a very few applications, and the only two technologies I believe to be truly obsolete are Integrated Injection Logic (see TI TMS 9900 from early 80;s) and loop memory and I could be wrong on the second.

Electrons are conceptual stuff out of the imagination. They don't exist. Think Ether fields and lines of force instead.

Free Diugh I like these bits of hardware, it’s my little obsession and my school only has programming.

2018: nothing

2017: Fortnite

2016 - But Can It Run Crysis? rofl

Mykul22 👍🏻😂😂😂😂😂

lol

Excatly

A checkmark with only 13 likes? Watch this skyrocket.

Im in computer engineering right now! May I ask where you are working now?

@@initiisnovis9673 Sure! I work at a company called Wolfspeed, they specialize in SiC and GaN semiconductors.

there's smart and then there's a whole other level of smart im very thankful for truly Intelligent people throughout modern history we've come a very long way in the past hundred years with technology but i could never create a CPU or microscopic transistor but im stoked that people do

You go to the beach and get some sand. Melt that sand and rapidly cool it to form a crystaline silicone structure. Remove the crystaline segments onto a new container - repeat a few times untill the silicon percentage is near max. Next, add your choice of cation or anion atom in a 1 to 10 ratio to your silicon (add more to increase conductivity). Repeat everything to form new (usually 3) varying conductivity layers and ion boundaries. Make sure the surrounding material enclosing the silicon is non-conductive. Finally, add a copper trail leading to the silicone mixture from a power source. The electrons will move from the cathode to the anode towards the silicon's electron deprived layer, but only if the middle layer has a low electron potential energy (electron deficient) if it's being supplied by voltage by a different circuit (rich in electrons) it won't allow the original circuit to form (this part was explained in the vid).

@@TrainerFromUnova xD it is hard enough making glass from sand let alone this.

Give yourself a break. When I went through electrical engineering, there were a lot of classes with a lot of detail material to build up to transistor theory and application. Short answer: he left a lot out of his explanation. If he didn't his video would be unbearably long.

@@charlessmith6412 Haha, I also went through EE. Many people in the comments don't realize how much there is to learn about these things, the fact that it's not always going to be fun and the amount of discipline needed.

They're much better at dissipating heat too, so they can be run faster, and are more conductive than silicon, so they can be run with less power.

But far more expensive

For now :P

Carbon nanotubes have been said to be replacements for years, but sadly their price cannot justify any consumer use anytime soon

***** Yeah but for now its far too expensive. We have been waiting for carbon nanotube breakthroughs for 25 years but it proves to be just another expensive technology far ahead of its time. Its awesome and all, that we have carbon nanotube technology but I think its worth it for us to put our efforts into other technology that could help in CPU development as well as Carbon nanotube transistors

Don't feel bad. The narrator assumes you have mastered 1st year physics, chemistry, and electronics. This is therefore more a building upon that foundation.

Only your left eye is crying?

sad=1;

Without transistors, Vsauce wouldn't exist

I understood better than my professors explained. Maybe the video helped, but also the explanations are quite clear. Maybe your mind is not too into "mathematics". Maybe you're an artist. (no joke, no disrespect here)

Micro second actually

​@@JordyDevrixOfficialpico

Lol

Any updates considering whole situation with ASML now?

@@ketanpatil935 EUV is now fully up and running, they're now looking into expanding towards high NA machines. Most development now goes into reliability related stuff.

Not really, he left out some key insights for understanding transistors better imo. Like how exactly logic gates make use of transistors the way they do. He really does a terrible job at explaining transistor for the layman.

@@Scrungge Thanks for pointing that out.

mrbandishbhoir Yes... because of agriculture...

Actually, if it wasn't for overpopulation and over-hunting, we would still be hunter/gatherers. And agriculture had a lot of downsides: the diet wasn't less varied, more time had to spend on work, especially in the beginning it was actually far less reliable for food gathering due to crop failures - the protection of the crops was very lacking after all: insects, sickness, weather... All could destroy your harvest and you would be starving. Hunter/gatherers did certainly not struggle to survive. Anthropologists today argue that they knew damn well that plants grow when you bury seeds. If you look to hunter/gatherers today, they have more leisure time than we do, or the first farmers would've had. The transition towards agricultural society was also not very fast, but went very gradually. There were even native American hunter/gatherer tribes who grew tobacco but not a single other crop. Of course, without agriculture we wouldn't have advanced as much as a society, but back then it wasn't as appealing as you seem to think.

mrbandishbhoir Yeah, of course larger population were supported by the agricultural revolution. However, the reason the first farmers had to change from a hunter/gatherer society to an agricultural one was because of overpopulation. Overpopulation is exactly that: the land can't sustain the amount of people anymore based on a certain economic model or method of getting food. Hunter/gatherers made a slow transition towards agriculture because they needed more food to sustain their population. Also, like I said, without agriculture we wouldn't be were we are now, but in the past, with a primitive agriculture, farming wasn't as reliable (especially in the short run) and the choice wasn't so clear-cut as many think. Hunter/gatherers also had much more spare time than farmers, but also didn't need that many extra tools in their society, so didn't need to concentrate on other things.

It isn't an invention its a discovery

Of course you are right! But not entirely. Actually the early farmers for the first millennia were in pretty bad shape. The remains of these early farmers show a lot signs of malnutrition and especially unbalanced/low quality nutrition lacking proteins and vitamins. The hunters and gatherers were in a way better shape for all the generations before farming and especially their teeth and bones were stronger and healthier. That eventually changed with refined methods of farming and especially new crops. And it makes sense! The first farmers only had really bad plants to cultivate. All starchy corns we have today (including rice, corn, and broomcorn) were bred out of ordinary grass like plants. Also every kale, beet and cucumber like plant (melon, pumpkin) and others were not available. Apples were there but way smaller and only from Kazakhstan to Caucasus region. There were no citrus plants outside of east Asia and they were tiny and not edible. Later Asia had rice, Europe had wheat like stuff, and the Americas potatoes and corn. No one had all but you need more than one to have a decent baseline for nutrition. Especially potatoes did a miracle to Europe since they yield so much more on the same land and contain a ton of vitamins and minerals compared to really poor wheat products. The balance only shifted to a mostly balanced nutrition for the masses with globalization of cultural plants, trade with corn-like products between continents for the calories intake, mass cultivation of fruits that yield from late spring with strawberries to early summer with cherries and gooseberry (etcetera) to plums and pears for late summer and grapes and apples all over fall to December (winter apples - could be stored until spring) for extra vitamins and healthy ingredients, and finally the dedicated and planned usage of fertilizer ranging from just manure to guano (it was a huge increase for precious cultivation like citrus when guano was discovered and exported all over the world) and especially when artificial fertilizer was invented. And that only really started to kick in in the 19th century. Before that time famines or phases of awful monotone nutrition were the USUAL for any agricultural society. With only two years of bad harvests (to much or less rain, hail storms and especially early or late frost) in a row famines occurred. One bad harvest alone caused lacking nutrition. For what is now the first world famines were only finally solved by introduction of early machinery that increased the yields per farmer extremely, continent wide interconnect rails to transport food to areas with bad yields or food that can't be grown there in great masses for extremely low costs, centralized organized wheat and corn storages, cooled (below 0°C) transport ships that allowed to bring in raw meat from other continents and transport fruits like bananas and pineapples for reasonable costs, ice factories for allowing individuals to store food longer and inventions like conserved cans possible by inventions like pasteurization. And all that only happened in the first years of the 20th (!) century. Before that poor rural population often (but not always - North America is fertile and vast enough to support a fed and well off population from the 18th century) had a lower quantity and quality nutrition their predecessors 20.000 years in the same area had. Sorry for the wall of text. I just like this topic and are genuinely interested in it.

Try supplementing with creatine (start on a low amount until your guts get used to it, and drink plenty of water) and ginkgo biloba. Both are clinically proven to do wonders for your memory.

damn😁😁😁

how to differentiate the pronounciation ? 😰

aina zain con vs cone

oh shet

One trying to get smaller, the other trying to get bigger.

Transistors still needs fire to be produced, am i right?

I would argue that fire is not an invention per se, it's only a discovery. Transistors are indeed an invention, so if we're talking about an invention that changed the world, it would be transistors and not fire.

@@lodestarsd4456 you're right

@@lodestarsd4456 the wheel. The lever.

He did meander outside of his title.

😀😀 same

He is going 2 fucking fast

I feel you bro 🤣🤣🤣

hahaha me too

I'm a Computer Engineer, got straight 10's in the Semiconductors class when I was an undergraduate, and I still scratch my head over this shit. You're not alone.

I'm studying electrical engineering atm, and I can tell you, transistors are easy. You only need to understand the basic concept once. Static CMOS logic design is the most straightforward, that is elementary school stuff.

Im studying computer sciences and I feel dumb on the transistor subject

Voltage between the base and the emitter controls the current between the collector and the emitter (there's close to zero current on the base). If you only change the base voltage by a few millivolts, it acts like a linear amplifier (voltage controlled current source). If you change it by the volts, it's basically a switch. Base on high voltage -> collector on low voltage (because collector-emitter acts like a short circuit); base on low voltage -> collector on high voltage (because collector-emitter acts like an infinite resistance) (assuming that the collector is connected to VCC through a resistor, and the emitter is connected to GND, which is almost always the case).

If you talk about BJTs they don't amplify voltage or control the current using the base voltage but they amplify the base current. The base current is actually fairly high. MOSFETS have near to 0 gate currents but then you were not talking about mosfets.

an n-channel mosfet is basically an npn transistor so..

All transistors are NPN. MOSFET is just a more complex form of it.

Well, in the end all semiconductor structures are made up of n-type and p-type material next to each other. But the working principle of a bipolar transistor and a FET are very different. A BJT is a current controlled switch, a FET is a voltage controlled switch.

+Sousuke Aizen Do you know anything about transistors?

Sousuke Aizen wtf are you talking about

Wasn't aiming to argue which is best. There is no one invention that I could identify as best, each branch of the technology tree is important. I just wanted to draw a comparison between fires impact on our society and the transistor. They both had huge impacts on the evolution of our culture and societies.

I don't especially disagree. There is no way to quantify what invention did the most, and any opinion is equally correct (or equally incorrect for that matter). And like you said, each important invention is required for us to get to the next one, somewhat like the tech tree in the Civilization games. However I'm still going to claim the transistor is bigger. Yes, it requires electricity, which required industry, which required melting and forging, which required fire (more or less), but while all those have greatly impacted our society, the transistor is changing our society from noticeably in only a couple of decades to the point of not being recognizable for anyone who hasn't lived it. And we've only scratched the surface of what it can do. While all of the previous mentioned technologies are required to make it, the transistor is the end product (or descendant of, if we start using something that, say, takes 3 states instead of only 2). It's going to change in many ways, but the the idea of a computer storing numbers isn't going to go away in any foreseeable future. Or maybe I'm just a dumb person who's can't see past the present because I'm living in it. My forefathers might have thought the exact same thing as me about anything important in their life.

I would have argue that the steam engine was a greater invention as it was the first time that man could harness power without being constraint by a location (like windmill and watermill where) or an animal. For the same reason some would argue that wind and water mill are important too because it was the first time that we harness the force of nature to work for us. But yes, the transistor is definitely up there in the great invention of mankind. The question is more to know if it will stay as a milestone or just a step replaced by an even more important successor like the vacuum tube was replaced by the transistor.

I would say that the most important developments in history are probably agriculture, vaccines and sanitation.

The answer's very simple. Soap has done more for human well-being than anything else.

I cannot wait for that day and truly I’m excited for it, I wonder what kind of world we’ll be living in, what will computers look like? Will they be heavier or lighter? How did we use computing in different fields of research, manufacturing, engineering and what not. All these possibilities and we are coming so close to it. Man what a world we live in

Quantum computers wont replace classical computers though

♫♪Ludwig van Beethoven♪♫ I wouldn’t entirely count on that some people thought the computer wouldn’t replace the typewriter but here we are. Only time will tell, if costs and the space required to make them and use them goes down enough along with finding ways to create a good graphical interface for normal users then well, it will happen and it just might but I prefer to wait and see how tech develops in 20-30 years just always remember in 1969 we landed on the moon and 50 years later their computers can’t even compare to the shittiest phones in computing power.

Invest in quantum

25 years...