General sources: Chris Scarre (2018) The Human Past. Fourth Edition. Klaus Schmidt (2012) Gobekli Tepe: A Stone Age Sanctuary in South-Eastern Anatolia. Marc Van De Mieroop (2016) A History of the Ancient Near East. Third Edition. Amanda H. Podany (2014) The Ancient Near East: A Very Short Introduction. Video References: Stefan Milo (2019) How bad was the Younger Dryas? Causes-Megafauna-Civilisation. References: Gautney and Holliday (2015) New estimations of habitable land area and human population size at the last glacial maximum. Journal of Archaeological Science. Watkins (2010) New Light on Neolithic Revolution in south-west Asia. Antiquity. Revedin et al. (2010) Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing. PNAS. Spivak and Nadel (2016) The use of stone at Ohalo II, a 23,000 year old site in the Jordan Valley, Israel. Journal of Lithic Studies. Groman-Yaroslavski et al. (2016) Composite Sickles and Cereal Harvesting Methods at 23,000-Years-Old Ohalo II, Israel. PLOS ONE. Snir et al. (2015) The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming. PLOS ONE. Maher et al. (2012) Twenty Thousand-Year-Old Huts at a Hunter-Gatherer Settlement in Eastern Jordan. PLOS ONE. Ramsey et al. (2018) Risk, Reliability and Resilience: Phytolith Evidence for Alternative ‘Neolithization’ Pathways at Kharaneh IV in the Azraq Basin, Jordan. PLOS ONE. Maher et al. (2015) Occupying wide open spaces? Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherer activities in the Eastern Levant. Quaternary International. Grosman et al. (2016) Nahal Ein Gev II, a Late Natufian Community at the Sea of Galilee. PLOS ONE. Liu et al. (2018) Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Richter et al. (2017) High Resolution AMS Dates from Shubayqa 1, northeast Jordan Reveal Complex Origins of Late Epipalaeolithic Natufian in the Levant. Scientific Reports. Arranz-Otaegui (2018) Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan. PNAS. Eitam et al. (2015) Experimental Barley Flour Production in 12,500-Year-Old Rock-Cut Mortars in Southwestern Asia. PLOS ONE. Grosman et al. (2008) A 12,000-year-old Shaman burial from the southern Levant (Israel). PNAS. Dubreuil et al. (2019) Evidence of ritual breakage of a ground stone tool at the Late Natufian site of Hilazon Tachtit cave (12,000 years ago). PLOS ONE. Olszewski (2012) The Zarzian in the Context of the Epipaleolithic Middle East. International Journal of the Humanities. Rosen and Rivera-Collazo (2012) Climate change, adaptive cycles, and the persistence of foraging economies during the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the Levant. PNAS. Lorenzo Nigro (2014) The Archaeology of Collapse and Resilience: Tell es-Sultan/Ancient Jericho as a case study. ROSAPAT 11. Dietrich et al. (2012) The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from Gobekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey. Antiquity. Dietrich et al. (2017) Feasting, Social Complexity, and the Emergence of the Early Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia. In book: Feast, Famine or Fight?: Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity. Dietrich et al. (2019) Cereal Processing at Early Neolithic Gobekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. PLOS ONE.

Those ancient villagers didn't realize that if they would just collect 500 food and 200 gold they could level up to the Castle age at their town center then have Knights to fight with.

It really puts your life in perspective when you think about how many generations of people have come before.

The three videos in this series just might be the best videos on UKposts.

The tower certainly could be defensive. Defensive towers are common inside settlements and walls too, a fallback point, to protect a powerful person, to protect supplies, or all three. An ancient keep as such. I know it's a more modern thing but if you can build a tower it's not a huge jump to see it can be used defensively from the inside of the wall.

Fascinating. I really like the way the presenter is not bound to any narrative, but freely states if something is unknown. The sign of a real historian.

Imagine how rich and old our culture is, evolving for thousands and thousands of years before recorded history. The amount of information on our ancestors we'll never know is simply unfair. Civilizations, cultures and histories remaining unknown for all time.... all that's left are pieces and gravel.

I can’t thank you enough for having proper ENG subtitle. Now I can watch and understand each word slowly and effectively 😊

Very well researched. Easy to listen to and very informative. A lot of work went into providing this, W.

Thanks for the video. I am so fed up with UKposts suggesting all these conspiracy history videos; ancient aliens, hidden history, unbelievable ancient technology. And the videos have millions of views and worst part the viewers believe them to be facts. Saddens me, but I'm glad to have your videos

A pretty major correction at 1:02, I was supposed to say 300,000 years ago. This is what it said in my script, for some stupid reason I read out 30,000 and never noticed whilst making the video. Also two minor corrections: 1. Where I say '"Global temperatures were on average lower by 20 degrees C", a more accurate version is temperatures were lower by 20 degrees in some places, not on average. My sources got this right, I just misread it. 2. its El Wad cave not "El Wadi" as I said in the video. I didn't notice this until now despite hearing it back about 20 times.

I love these documentaries and your narrations are great to listen to, while resting,housee work,hiking,etc

Well done. Thank you for producing and uploading.

I find the period between 11,000BCE - 1,500BCE exceptionally fascinating. Your video really could take the place of an introductory course it’s that good.

Other scientists: I don't know what purpose this thing serves. Archaeologists: *R I T U A L P U R P O S E S*

Thank you. Your videos are fascinating and beautifully produced.

This channel and the Fall of Civilizations channels are great those of us interested in anthropology. Thanks!

Histocrat - uploads. Me - yes.

Now this is what youtube was meant for.

This channel is great for learning while falling asleep. The narration is so comprehensive and calming. I comprise many of these views.

One of the things I’m really interested about is pre-early history and it sucks because there’s so little known about it but this is a great video

I love these videos, the thing that fascinates me the most is the fact that so many people lived before writing was invented, and we will never know the names of these people, we will never know their stories, they are a mystery that probably will never be unraveled to us. This part of our history is the most unknown to us and i love that about it. Thanks for the upload, histocrat

My goodness, this is refreshing. Unlike the History channel, you actually talk about History. Thank you. Your videos are awesome.

Yes!!! This is exactly what I was looking for, a video explaining early civilization, thank you!!!

Hands down one of the best documentaries ever made.

Wow man, I don't know why I've been missing your show but this is presented as well as any big documentary. The only difference is you don't get the budget to present on location. Great work!

I wish time travel was real. It would be so interesting to go back in a time and see all these ancient prehistoric places when they were new and thriving with our ancestors.

Thank you so much for this work, this is amazing and answered many of my doubts!

Great documentary regarding our origins. Thanks for posting.

I love this era of history, simply fascinating.

The detail, the engagement, the writing. This is gold, make more

This is super thorough. Great job!!

This is some BBC/History Channel professional content!!!! love it!!!

Every time he says wild cereals my brain just pictures a field of cocoa puffs and I just can't even

To any aspiring UKposts creators: see how this channel uses real sources and has done their own research? Be like this channel, not the ones that just do a few quick google searches and watch a few UKposts videos and then regurgitate what they found.

Thank you for posting this it was perfect

". . .vast bureaucracies" was such a sick line sooo professionally delivered. This also makes me want to quit my job and go back to school

For anyone who like me is absolutely in love with stone age anthropology, I strongly recommend the Earth’s Children book series by Jean Auel, beginning with Clan of the Cave Bear. Though fiction, Auel paints the world of the Paleolithic with a vibrant brush bringing to life this ancient realm with a level of detail Tolkien himself would have found harrowing. You’ll learn about ancient technologies and methods while being immersed in cultures and live so rich that it can sometimes be hard to remember they are works of imagination. They are the very thing that sparked my fascination with stone age anthropology

I wonder how long I'll lay in peace before they dig me up and try to figure out what I was eating.

What a lovely voice, I understood every word. Thank you.

Gebekli Tepe is such a stark contrast to everything else shown in this video. Shockingly different, actually.

I didn't want this to end! Fantastic work. It's as if you custom made this video for me! Can't wait for the next part!!!

An excellent documentary that pieces all these pivotal changes together in a very coherent way, along with a perfect visual presentation.

Well done and rhank you for such an informative documentary.

Mind expanding information. Thanks!

This is well thought out and presented. The gradual transition to agriculture over a long period of time was propitious and prepared our ancestors for the changes in climate that came shortly thereafter. Well done!

Thank you for your efforts in producing this channel. What a great treat to see this new episode after a tough day.

Thank you for this insightful video 🙏

Watching this as i mow the lawn. Feeling so connected to my ancestors

Youve done it again, histocrat. Fantasic video. Cant wait for the next chapter.

Brilliant. Unbiased and detailed account of human civilisation citing science, geology, archaeology and physical evidence. Plenty I didn't know or wasn't certain about. Fabulous production.

This may sound wierd, but anyone else fantasizes about living on the time period talked about in the video? A feeling that modern society has become too complex, stressful and overcomplicated and you'd just wanna move into simpler times where all the things were still undiscovered.

What incredible documentary.

Excellent presentation

I'm shocked that this channel still has under 100k subscribers, out of all of my nearly 300 subscriptions this channel has gotta be in the top 5 keep up the good work Histocrat

You have a great documentary voice. Very relaxing

superb thank you I, felt your spirit in the telling as you probably felt their spirit in the research great stuff

Thanks for making this video, I've always find our progress as a civilization inspiring

Can't wait to dig into this!

Gobekli Tepe is indeed fascination. It's like a lens in time that focuses the most primitive of times into the birth of what we now call civilization. I wish information on Gobekli Tepe was easier to find and more plentiful, so I greatly appreciate your efforts making this wonderful video which will doubtless raise much needed attention to it.

Thanks this is very well narrated and interesting

I love chilling out to these so relaxing and informative its a definite win win keep up the good work 💪

One of the best historical documentaries I ever seen. Bravo!

Very interesting. And the calming drum music.

It’s amazing to think that these civilisations emerged at around the same time, due to agriculture, is it possible that these early civilisations were actually in contact with each other somehow , through travelling people??

This is one of the most entertaining and enlightening anthro documentaries i've ever seen -- better than big budget stuff airing on big tv networks sharing this with everyone I know

Well, I've discovered a new channel to listen to while studying! Thanks, it actually really helps me focusing (+ I'm kind of learning something new too!)

Rlly proud of myself for calling that youd be talking about gobekli tepe when you mentioned turkey Thanks Milo Rossi!

This is what UKposts is for. Informative documentaries

The way this year is going I figured I need a refresher course on how to restart civilization.

Great video. Thanks. A mini-course in archaeology in less than an hour. Looking forward to the next episode.

Thanks for the reportage

very interesting and well-researched thanks.

best cure for a hangover is your artful delivery of all that and more! thanks from Vancouver B.C.!

These videos are honestly amazing and I hope you continue

So much respect for our ancestors. Without their perseverance and ingenuity we wouldn't be here today ❤

Enjoying the ambience music being the same as Historia Civilis 😊

Yes! A very interesting topic! Your voice is amazing for these kinds of videos, thank you for your work!

this is truly masterful, thanks for making it and sharing!

Other people with a time machine: I'm your granddaughter Me with a time machine: "put the hoe down and get back to hunting and gathering, I don't want to work in a a cubicle anymore."

i'm sure you've heard enough praise for the video by now so i'm here to give some kudos for the captions

I enjoyed tbe background picture presentation and videography during the historic narration. It was captivating ! Thank you !

Its interesting how little we really know about the dawn of early human civilization. I mean this video goes from 20,000 bc to 3,000 bc in a matter of seconds.

Excellent information, what I get from it that glacial maximum had caused early human to look for domestication of plants & start agriculture in it's infancy.

Thank you for this.

The artwork in your docs are amazing. Overall just a really well made piece your team has made. Bravo.

I have been doing research for my fantasy book set in a bronze-age technological setting, when I first stumbled across your channel. This is amazing and you should keep up the good work, I love the focus placed on ancient stone, copper, bronze and iron age people.

Nice Doc! Thanks! Best Regards from Portugal ❤🇵🇹

you know its a good video when you get assigned to watch it by a professor and when you click link you already watched 40 minutes

I absolutely love this. I can only imagine the different cultures that lived all over the globe not just the ones we have found. After all if the water level was so much lower it stands to reason that alot of villages and towns would be underwater now. Thanks for posting this.

Wow. Another great video. Well worth the wait, and imo worth the hard work you put in. I especially loved the new art & images you've been able to add. A vast improvement in the overall impact of the subject. I continue to find it fascinating how much rituals, spirituality and mythology can impact society. Makes me even think of Terence McKenna's theory. (Tho I'm still not completely convinced of that). I'm looking forward to the next 2 parts of this series. Great, great video!

Isn’t it amazing how myself and you, the one whose reading this, are currently living in a time frame where EVERYTHING and ANYTHING is available.

I love your speech, your way of putting things. You've done your research exceptionally well. I think this is a very high-quality documentary, and I love it. Good job!

Awesome!!! Was in need of an upload!!! Gonna enjoy this!!!👌❤️

Loved this one. Sharing history is a passion of ours too!

Such fascinating hints 😁

I love how past astrologists were able to come up with theories about space that still hold up to this day!

The brain goes wild with thought and imagination to how life must have been in these truly ancient lands !

This is an exceptionally well made video. Please make more. I'd love more focus on Gobekli Tepe!

You can farm all the wild cereals you want if they dont have Lucky Charms I'm not staying