thats exactly why I'm here too

Don’t call me out like this

Its Professor Brailsford so you know its a gold nugget.

Hear, hear

Emanuele Bonura Or worse, "oops... I probably shouldn't have sent that message twice without changing the settings... 😳😬"

Emanuele Bonura

I wouldn't admit to that... ;p

Craig: I am sympathetic with the case that you put forward while also agreeing with the points made in the reply from Rusty S. Tommy's achievement of a degree via evening classes etc. showed just how talented and determined he was but having come via that route he didn't have the comforting fallback of being part of the Cambridge academic community (unlike Shaun Wylie, Alan Turing, Bill Tutte and Max Newman). In terms of formal honours Tommy was awarded an MBE; Turing got an OBE, Newman was offered an OBE but turned it down as being 'derisory' (!) . Here again the lower class of British Empire order, for Tommy, shows up yet again the Establishment's reaction to his working class origins. Incidentally, in terms of formal honours, the one who got nothing at all was Bill Tutte. However, his obituary records that he was immensely gratified (in the 1980s I think) to be made a Fellow of the Royal Society. .

Interesting and very true. The Establishment shows up, albeit in humour, in Yes Minister where Jim Hacker went to the London School of Economics unlike the Establishment Civil Servants. It also shows the struggle that Harrison had in Longitude the movie as a country carpenter getting his clocks recognised and being given the prize. Incidentally i think you meant peers meaning equals rather than piers.

"Peers".

Exactly what I was just thinking! I have seen scores of videos of how the allies broke the enigma codes, etc, etc, but I have not seen one regarding the reverse. Someone must know the history...?

The book ‘Hitler’s spies” has most of that history. In short, they didn’t achieve much against allied codes, a little against the Soviet ones.

@@hennobrandsma4755 Turns out soaking your messages in vodka doesn't hide them too well.

I would also like to learn about the progress, bottlenecks and breakthroughs the germans had in creating the enigma itself from an axis perepective

Didn't the Germans capture quite a few British typex machines at Dunkirk? I read that somewhere?

Seems to me they're both related to Euler.

Sadly he never made it to being "Sir Tommy" (though he should have done) Instead he wa s awarded the lowest "Member" grade of the Britsih Empire Order (MBE) . Indeed I don't think anybody got a knighthood for anything Enigma or Colossus related. Turing was awarded (and accepted) the "Officer" grade of medal (OBE). Max Newman was offered OBE and turned it down as "derisory".

I wonder if it's just a software implementation on something like a Raspberry Pi?

Roxor128 The Raspberry Pi is a computer, so it'll be software either way.

Out of what motivation they use it? Why don't they report weather conditions in the clear?

If you have too many numbers on you, are you charged with intent to distribute maths?

@@bryanl1984 -- I was caught with a random number generator and charged with disorderly conduct.

@@kevinbyrne4538 Hmmm.... Your story doesn't quite ADD up... If anything, your just being IRRATIONAL! .... I'll let myself out...

There was a funny red dwarf episode with this premise. Very geeky show.

Will it give you the muchies?

We basically always (particularly at the end of words) pronounce Greek ι (iota) as "eye", /aɪ/, e.g. • π, "pi", is pronounced "p-eye". • ψ, "psi", is pronounced "p-sigh" or "sigh". • ε, "epsilon", is sometimes pronounced as "ep-sigh-lon", especially by the previous generation of mathematicians, as I've noticed. Greek η (eta) is pronounced "ay", /eɪ/, or like the actual Greek as "ee", /iː/, e.g. • β, "beta", is pronounced "bay-taa", or "bee-taa". • θ, "theta", is pronounced "thay-taa" or "thee-taa".

Yeah... I saw This before that part and expected it to be jarring but, this is exactly the same as American pronunciation... where are you? Also, isnt this guy originally from America but, has lived in the UK for the lion's share of his lufe?

I know the pronunciation of pi but the pronunciation of chi and psi really threw me off. I am from the Czech Republic and we (and Germans where I also studied) pronounce the letters in the same way they are pronounced in Greek: psi as psee, chi as khee (with kh pronounced as Spanish j).

Like a cyrillic Ж / Zhe? I've never seen that in the US. As a matter of fact, that sound doesn't even exist in the Anglosphere.

​@@bryanl1984 It's similar to a Cyrillic Х (because it is historically the same letter). Formally, it's an aspirated k. In English, the most common transcription is kh but people usually read that as k'h, like two letters, instead of as an aspirated k.

UK had something called Typex which I believe was a copy of an commercial Enigma bought for a business (because who cares about patents in wartime) with some of the security holes filled in by doubling some things up/adding things on. America had their own system as well and there was a combined system built when they joined in later on - all similar rotor machines to this one.

@@JamesCollins80 Type X and the American SIGABA were to some extent inspired by the Enigma system but independently developed and debugged. Type X and SIGABA closed the hole created by can't encode a letter as itself. Also, the Type X and SIGABA closed the stutter cycle length issue with Tunny. Lastly, SIGABA and Type X eliminated a major source of errors in messages by creating a message tape and completely avoiding hand transcribing of the enciphered message.

Germans and _mistakes_? Have you been drinking? Those messages were PERFECT!

bernardo013 Typos would go in the same statistical buckets as unknown words. They would become readable after finding the Key and Perturbation settings that completely break the encryption. However the delta technique would work equally well on typpos and tyypos as it did on happy.

I have an ancestor in a census record whose Occupation is Computer. Always makes folks laugh.

XOR was basically THE form of encryption when it came to teletype printers. It had been "invented" I think only a decade or two before, so it was still cutting edge, and remember there was no such thing as a "memory" in those machines, it was either on paper tape (and thus fixed, and usually relegated to typed plaintext for transmission or ciphertext taken from the airwaves), or mechanical switches set only at the start of a run, or it was the patterns inside wheels on a rotary device of some kind, which were all the rage then (Enigma probably the most famous but only one of dozens in use at that time). Addition and subtraction introduced complexities (carries and borrows) that XOR simply didn't need or have, so it was also far simpler to implement. All the oops's and gotcha's and perils of XOR were discovered as a RESULT of its heavy usage in all these machines. XOR is still a huge part of encryption today, AES-GCM which is used in all modern browsers is AES in a counter mode (the input to the cipher in Galios Counter Mode is a large binary number, not the plaintext, and the output is XOR'd with the stream of plaintext to make the cipertext). The bug in WPA that was discovered a while back (and yes there's a Computerphile video for that as well) is basically forcing a "depth" in AES-GCM and using that to get the key-stream for the session without ever having to break the original session key itself.

Yes, XOR encryption was proposed by Gilbert Vernam and patented by Bell Labs in a form that required the key stream to be provided on a tape that ran in parallel to the plaintext.. The idea of creating a bolt-on second stage to a conventional teleprinter that could electro-mechanically provide a pseudo-random key stream was extremely attractive. Such a machine could be handled by one operator and had an 'operator friendly' keyboard very much in the spirit of an ordinary typewriter. These advantages tended to sweep aside objections from some mathematicians that additive ciphers, such as XOR, should be totally ruled out for cryptographic use because of their appalling vulnerability to "depths".

XOR provides symmetric ciphers, which in turn provide more convenience in operation than asymmetric ones.

Many computers like the Burroughs machine that became the US Navy's Mk 152 used an operator display and control panel that grouped the lamps and switches in groups of three (octal). In fact, to this day US Navy aircraft use side numbers that are coded in Octal. The take away for the use of both octal and hexadecimal is that they are mostly just a more compact notation scheme for binary.

AES 512 does not exist. Bcrypt is not a cipher algorithm.

@@hennobrandsma4755 yeah, Sorry, 128-192-256. I know bcrypt is not a cypher algorith, but its interesting how It works

Surely chronologically dealing with DES would make sense first of all.

SIGABA (US), Typex (UK), and some other machines. SOE used double transpositions and one-time pads. In the early war years the navy used older code books systems which were broken by Japanese and Germans.

LOL

I have them under way but 37 mins takes some doing .... :-)

incite

Donald Sayers I have the same curtains......

....as his shirt.

Geez, I understand where you're coming from. I want to have something in common with this incredible man too - I don't care WHAT it is!!! 😂👍

Only if the key is perfectly random and never repeats. This is what one-time pads are supposed to do.

Large, but finite.