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As an german I find it imennsly entertaining, that an guy called Schwarzschild calculated the no return area and it's named after him, because "Schwarzschild" in german means "black shield". Untill I learned the no return border was named after an person I thought it was an term coined by an scientist because it's just fitting, just like the term "black hole"

Yesss! Nice... I'm chronically ill and don't have much to look forward to in life. Your wonderful series helps me get my mind off of the gruelling pain and be at ease for a while. Thank you

Karl Schwarzschild has always fascinated me. He’s on the front lines of the war and when he’s not fighting, he chooses to derive field equations for Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. He survives the war only to die of a skin disease. Dude was fascinating to me.

Wow! This video is awesome and it's an honor that you used my images. Thanks for taking the time to mention my full name in the description. Keep it up!

Always a surprise when they drop. Absolutely makes my week when you guys post a new video. Best thing on UKposts. Amazing work.

Your team have really improved, the flow, content and overall depth is really really good! It makes for really great viewing, I look forward to more uploads to the history of the earth channel as well! Please keep up the uploads, if there is a way to support you guys directly like patreon to get more uploads on this channel and history of the earth channel make available to the subscribers. You narration skills have really really improved David! Well done and I continue to look forward to more uploads’

Hey David, just want to thank you guys for these videos. I could genuinely see this series on Netflix but I'm happy it's here on UKposts. I deal with anxiety and trouble sleeping without something to fall asleep to some times, so I have watched all these videos multiple times. There's something really soothing about hearing you talk about history and cover topics in these videos and falling asleep to have crazy dreams of outer space and other planets/stars. Keep up the good work you guys :)

Holy crap!! I've seen a hefty amount of black hole documentaries, but this one takes my #1 spot! The narration, visuals, and music all come together so well, this is amazing!

It’s so nicely narrated that I often just listen to it when I go to sleep. My thoughts are then somewhere between the stars. But the first time I always watch it in full :) thanks for that great content and quality!

That was the best and most terrifying description of falling into a black hole I’ve ever head and I’ve heard many.

In the past month or two, I've had quite the challenge of finding a video on astronomy that's not only put together really well but also informative and captivating. I found this for the first time today and watched it. It's unequivocally nothing short of amazing! I wholeheartedly appreciate the amount of time and effort that was put into this. THANK YOU for delivering such quality content.

Your description of Karl Schwarzschild in those terrible trenches, receiving an envelope from his friend was a wonderful and evocative passage! Elegantly written and narrated and, blessedly, without political observations. Pure science and science history. Thank you so much, History of the Universe and Leila Battison.

Eight days after John Wheeler's fateful lecture, the Star Trek episode "Tomorrow is Yesterday" aired, where the concept showed the starship traveling backward in time upon escaping an encounter with a superdense "black star". Star Trek came very close to naming the phenomenon we know as a black hole!

i've gotta say i love how your videos can transition from cosmic physics to down to earth history in such a flawless way, quite excellent

'Incomprehensible Horror' -- Without a doubt, my favorite description of a black hole.

"Isaac Newton rarely went to sleep before 3:00am. It worked for him but it won't work for you." I felt that.

this channel deserves more recognition! every single video is worthy of praise for the detailed explanation and history behind it.

Doing amateur astronomy and astrophotography as a hobby, have plans of imaging SH2-101 and was showing my friends the shockwave from Cyg X-1 that we can image as well. And here you are same day dropping a video on black holes lmao! Excellent watch, your content is always a treat :)

Thank you for making these. This whole channel is absolutely amazing and I can't wait to watch and rewatch them all!

8 mins in and bloody loving it. Great work as always - for me its about the perfect ratio of accessibility and detail.

The content and quality of your work is absolutely amazing 👏. Always looking forward to your next posting 🥰

I absolutely adore your videos. Play them on a loop and always feel I learn one more thing each rotation. Thank you!

I just can't get enough of your high quality content. Damn that's good writing and dramatic reading. I have listened to every one several times. THANK YOU for making such fine content.

By far the best presentation of what we presently know about black holes. Script, images, background music, scientific content, everything is perfectly balanced. Thanks for this amazing moment !

This channel doesn't get the recognition it deserves... Imagine this channel hitting 1 mil subscribers.. I'll come back in like 2-3 months to see it fulfillled

Super informative and entertaining. I don't really follow science in general but I just watched the whole video taking in all that history and knowledge. Thank u for all your collective efforts, please don't ever stop

Summary: *INTRODUCTION* - A black hole can usually be found with an accretion disk surrounding it. This disk contains fast-moving gas, dust and debris significantly heated by friction and lensed into a halo by the superior gravitational pull of the black hole (the intense gravity of the black hole quite literally pulls the light from the accretion travelling behind the black hole up and over its horizon - you can see the back side of the black hole from the front because the lensing is so intense). - The frictional heating also radiates intense X-rays and Gamma Rays. As you enter the event horizon, you can start to experience extreme tidal forces (aka spaghettification). - It is usually thought that most galaxies have a supermassive black hole at its centre. *THE FIRST BLACK HOLE* - 1915, Schwarzschild has just received a description of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. A few days later, he gives the first metric solution to his theory. Most importantly, his theory predicts the existence of black holes, more specifically, Schwarzschild is able to define something called the "Schwarzschild radius" which implies the density at which a given becomes a black hole, the radius being the event horizon. - The radius depends only on the gravitational constant, the speed of light and the given mass available (the Earth's Schwarzschild radius is only 9 mm). - 1964, a geiger counter strapped to a rocket travelling outside the earth's atmosphere picked up X-rays from within the Cygnus constellation which was later realised to be the proof of black holes. The object they saw turned out to be smaller than a start but 15x more massive from further analysis. - 1967, the name "black hole" wasn't coined until this year when, during a John Wheeler lecture on the then unnamed phenomena, an audience member suggested he use this name instead of having to describe the "gravitationally completely collapsed object" every damn time. - The common formation of black holes is through the supernovae of stars 3 times larger than our sun. As the star reaches the end of its life unable to continue fusion, gravity wins and the star collapses. Once the star collapses there is no known force in nature which can stop this collapse for such a big stellar object, and so it _never_ stops collapsing, so to speak. *SUPERMASSIVE* - 10th April 2019, the first image of a black hole was released. Turns out a big enough black hole with a large enough accretion disk produces just enough light to be captured by a radio telescope - a galaxy central supermassive black hole was needed. - Sagittarius A*, the central supermassive black hole of our galaxy was a good candidate but it's too close making the adjustments needed more frequent and strenuous and half the milkyway would be in the way. A further but bigger black hole was chosen instead - Sag. A* was only 25K light yrs away with 4M solar masses, but the chosen black hole, M87, was 55M light yrs away with 6.5B solar masses. - A satellite the size of the earth was required: the Event Horizon Telescope. A collaboration of multiple different massive radio telescopes scattered across the world from Spain the South Pole all synchronised by atomic clocks. The resolution was 4000x the Hubble Telescope, a 4 day scan was required and the volume of data used had to be transported physically since it was too large for the internet bandwidth - it took two whole years of data processing after the data was collected in 2017. - A second image was then released in May 2022 after 3 more years of data processing. - Quasars are the brightest objects in the universe, and at the centre of them are not supermassive black holes, but ULTRA-massive black holes, one of the biggest ones having 66 Billlion solar masses, which is more massive than our milkyway. Naturally it's accretion disk reaches ridiculous speeds - a fifth of light speed - which leads to a luminosity that outshines its own galaxy. - Most galaxies do have at least a supermassive black hole at their centre, in fact a question often asked is whether these black holes formed the galaxies, or if the galaxies formed these black holes? - Many supermassive black holes date back to only a few million years after the big bang which shouldn't be possible. This puzzle alone gives us a large hint that there may not be just one way for black holes to form. *BEFORE ATOMS* - In 1966, Stephen Hawking wrote his doctoral thesis helping prove the validity of the big bang theory, all while his motor neuron disease continued to develop. Later he proposed the idea of Hawking radiation, a semiclassical idea noting the clash between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity that most likely existed at the event horizon border. - In 1971 he then also suggested the existence of primordial black holes which formed from the big bang itself. After the Universe is born and the universe cools to allow the first subatomic particles (quarks & leptons) the Universe is then theorised to under cosmic inflation where the universe doubles ~90 times in a hundred billionth of a second turning quantum fluctuations into cosmic inhomogeneity that is however barely observable to us for the most part. - It can be said that while the Universe is only *one second old*, that during cosmic inflation these quantum fluctuations coupled with the uneven distribution of subatomic particles could have opened up the chance for the spontaneous creation of gravitational singularities. and the later that these collapses happened the larger the black hole would be (giving a full range of possible micro sized black hole to all the way up to supermassive black holes). These promidal objects could then have ample time to grow into what we observe today. - Unfortunatey, Stephen Hawking's theories are known for being mathematically watertight but hard to prove or falsify *FINDING THE NEEDLE* - In 1951, Gerard Kuiper deduced that an asteroid belt he called the Kuiper belt should exist beyond the orbit of Neptune in order to explain the current persistent existence of short-period comets, acting sort of as a nursery of icy bodies of which some bodies end up getting knocked out of the belt from time to time. Evidence for this asteroid belt was found in 1992. - Later on, very unusual trans-neptunian orbits were being found orbiting the sun, the main quirk being that these orbits were all distributed to one side of the solar system at a very esoteric angle to the equatorial plane. - 2012, Rodney Gomes suggested a hypothetical planet existed to cause this off balanced distribution of trans-neptunian orbits however no evidence suggests as such. It could be argued instead that Planet Nine is in fact primordial black hole the size of a tennis ball. Such an object would instead be emitting radiation from any possible dark matter halo it may have and so we may use this as evidence for its possible existence. - In order to assert, however, that such a black hole would have a dark matter halo you would of course have to know what dark matter is. - Two possible ideas: WIMPs - Weakly Interacting Massive Particles; or MACHOs - Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects. - Hawking believed primordial black holes to be a good candidate for dark matter, specifically as a MACHO. The amount of primordials that could be produced during inflation is enough to outnumber regular matter meaning it could make up some if not all of dark matter. These primordials would then be the pricks in spacetime keeping galaxies in check as its dark matter halo. - Any black hole could supposedly be detected by its gamma ray emissions from hawking radiation. Unfortunately, little to no gamma ray emissions have been observed thus far, therefore primordials could only make up at most 1% of dark matter. - Overall, as of now, the many observations being made of the universe right now have severely limited the range of sizes for the primordials (restrictions come from things such as minimal scarring in the CMB, an abundance of neutron stars, the failure of gamma ray and optical astronomy etc.) - On the plus side, LIGO's detection of gravitational waves since 2015 have given some counter evidence that supports the possibility of primordials. If most primordials end up having a similar mass, then this would fit the data received by LIGO very well. - In the end, black holes can tell us a lot about the early universe and the evolution of galaxies and ultimately the entire universe.

What a fascinating episode: an exciting glimpse into the incredible possibilities surrounding black holes. This time I found myself having to pause and rewind several times, in order to grasp as well as possible what was being said - and yet I didn't mind doing so. It is a complex topic, yet very well presented. Thanks for creating these awesome documentaries.

Not sure why it took me so long to find you guys, but after watching the multiverse and this episode, I instantly subscribed. I have a whole library to watch now - Thank you! 👍

Just found out about this channel, amazing research and overall documentary content, man! Keep it up!

One small correction; at 13:00 you describe the formation of a black hole, you state that ‘if the mass of the dying star is greater than about 3 solar masses, …[it will become a black hole]’ - it’s the core that has to be >3, not the star. The original star may have had 20-30x more mass than the star itself.

Despite these being complex subjects you do a very good job of breaking them down for the laymen.

I think it would be pretty cool to discover that there used to be galaxy size stars made from elements that no longer exist because they fused into the basic building blocks of our galaxies. What was left upon their destruction was a galactic dust cloud and a super massive black hole.

Excellent videos, very well made. I really like how you manage to speak about such complex topics but in a way where someone without prior knowledge can understand. Super fascinating, I could watch videos about black holes all day!

I just wanted to say that this is incredibly well done, narrated and presented. Incredible. And I mean your job, not only the topic! Perfect! This coming from someone with OCPD :)

Yet again, you lot throw out an absolute beautiful piece of art, just stunning. Love this, and always looking forward to your next video (Teaser of this one being on black holes got me very excited)

I know falling into a black hole would be the absolute end of me and probably painful, but man I wanna go out that way 😔 your vids are amazing and make my day whenever I see a new upload, thank you for all the work you put in!

i watch these videos on repeat every night. obsessed with this channel… by far the best astrophysics channel on youtube.

I'm absolutely in love with this channel. Thank you for all the quality work done here!

great video, I've actually watched this on a few times. I am enjoying all your channels very much, thank you!

Amazing channel, keep it going! Peace and love from Brazil 🇧🇷♥️

Thanks!

This really recaptured my amazement in black holes. I mean, it never stopped but this was like learning about them again for the first time. Great video!

Amazing work ! Please keep uploading your content it really makes my day your videos 👏🤍🪐🪐

Very clearly written and narrated. I actually understood everything. Yikes! Thanks. This is the first time I actually understood how the primordial black holes could have come into being, and it really made a lot of sense. I love programs like this. Keep up the great work! There are a lot of us that have many more interests than overthrowing an election or a government, and lying 24/7/365. Really enjoyed it.

Wild theory but you know how heat like in a desert makes an image appear visually distorted? Is it possible Black Holes aren't actually doing what the picture relays and it's simply some kind of illusion / mirage? As in, all the stretching of the space around it that makes it appear stretched out, that could just be a perspective issue too. We did recently find out that the suns plasma loop is an optical illusion as well. So just putting that possibility out there.

High quality content this is. Much, much appreciated. Thx

The first video from this site and I am as impressed by your presentation as the storyline. Had to subscribe immediately after the video.

Thanks for the camera guys doing there fantastic job. Only they are strong enough to withstand the strength of a super massive blackhole.

The content from this channel is stunningly superior to pretty much everything else I watch on YT at this time.

One of best content on youtube. Facts, presentation, music and narration- all top notch.

¡Gracias!thank you so much for more than outstanding documentaries, and also the perfect english you use, for a spanish native your locution is clear and very musical for my ear! Hope you keep doing this amazing material!

You have the absolute best videos! Thanks so much for your time and effort! I can't get enough keep them coming!

There are hundreds of channels and videos on astrophysics, cosmology, space phenomena and black holes. This is one of the very best. **I changed my original comment, so for context, I wrote a rather generic but nonetheless glowing comment about this channel, and the douche-canoe down below accused me of being a paid ad comment. I guess he couldn’t believe that someone would actually write a positive comment on a great video by a great channel. If I was being paid, I’d be beholden to not calling him a turd burglar.

Love every video, keep it up😁 After watching most of your videos, learning as much as possible, I'm now wondering if everything rests on whether or not it's pronounced data, or data??

Awesome video! I've recently developed an interest in cosmology and I enjoyed every minute of this.

The entire universe could just be an energy blast from an unimaginably massive black hole.

How awesome would it be to fall in a black hole looking at the universe and literally see time speeding up exponentially up untill the end of the universe. You'd basically live forever.

I love all your videos, top tier stuff, but the writing of this particular one is just beautiful

Excellent video presentation. Well done for creating this really interesting history of black hole formation in the early Universe.

Black holes are my favourite space topic. TON 618 might be the biggest *known* black hole, but I do wonder how massive they could really get, hiding outside our little bubble. Like bigger than all those theoretical limitations even? After all, we've seen a lot of stuff we didn't think was possible. I'm in awe of the size of these lads.

9:04 "so powerful, that not even...light can escape." That line is in EVERY documentary about black holes.

A beautiful narration, wonderful cadence. And, of course, the topic and information are amazing

Good stuff. Very much enjoy watching in this format.

Still only 200k subs. Crazy to me. Maybe an odd concern but I feel it's inevitable that it'll have millions, and these videos are likely only getting a portion of the views they would had they been released then. But it's evergreen content and I'm sure they have plenty of future stuff too.

Definitely one of my favorite new channels!!! I rewatch these over and over as I go to sleep at night. Would love to see you cover the topic of "The Great Attractor!" 💯💯💯

I just watched the first 60seconds of this and I'm already hooked. Very well written my friend.

The top Universal show on UKposts and creator. Keep up the amazing creations and work. This is like watching art in motion, truly spectacular. You have reawoken my love for black holes. As someone said "The brightest things in the known universe, at the center is the darkest."

The stunning, incomprehensible, and beautiful parts of our universe touched on in your videos is greatly appreciated. Thank you so much for your dedication to this content.

i find it truly mind blowing that even at 6 billion solar masses M87 is on the small side of super massive blackholes and ours at 4 million is barely worth mentioning. and maybe these truly giant blackholes are remnants of a previous universe that survived the birth of this one ?

I've watched to many of your videos, and I must say the following: Your taste in classical music is top tier.

Wow!!! This is so very interesting for me! Thank you so much for taking the time to make this video! I’m so grateful!!!

Shout out to the anonymous NASA student who offhandedly and sarcastically coined the term “black hole.” 😄 So much easier!

Nothing, can slow down time... A black hole is not nothing.

This is one of the best channels on UKposts. Thank you for amazing insightful content.

Extremely good and interesting video. Thank you for the incredible work

Speculation: It is certainly reasonable to assume that if we can imagine it and it's physically possible the universe has already done it, and more besides. However, while we have imagined primordial black holes and even have some evidence as to what sizes may be out there Ligo documenting a collision between two likely candidates isn't evidence as such. If two 30 solar mass black holes can collide to form a roughly 60 solar mass black hole then so can two 15 mass back holes make a 30-ish. 7-ish mass black holes and you're getting in to the realms of documented and reasonably well understood stellar black holes. So if Ligo finds smaller candidate collisions, especially if they keep getting smaller, we find ourselves with a more prosaic possibility. The questions remain: 'Can Ligo detect such collisions, and how long do we need to watch before we can assume they don't happen as a general rule?' Even if they do that doesn't mean primordial black holes aren't a thing, just we don't currently have a way to tell one type form another. I would suggest the scientist who says 'It can't be true' without giving a good reason why is only displaying their lack of imagination. So primoradial black holes must be a thing until proven otherwise. But we don't have any credible evidence yet, only observation suggesting their likely size range and a hit they do exist if that hint doesn't have another explanation. Why the comment at all? Certainly not as criticism to this fantastic video. Only as a hint to any who may be interested that complicated subjects often have answers more complicated than one may at first appreciate, if any answer at all! That alone might inspire some to look more deeply in to this fascinating subject, or at least give a friendly warning that while it's fine to be a 'dabbler' every 'dabbler' needs to appreciate that they don't really know. (Including me!)

I just had a thought, what if black holes don't have a singularity and instead are spheres of matter that are insanely dense and with a gravitational force so powerful that even light can't reach escape velocity

I had no idea it took over 2 years !!! to decode all the information on to paper for a physical image to be seen. WOW!! there has not been enough attention nor credit given to the people who worked so hard to bring us these images of black holes in the universe and our very own galaxy... TRULY AMAZING!!! 🤯🤯

Excellent series, thank you!

Wonderful writing, masterful narrative! THANK YOU

Very intriguing, awesome narration 💯, thank you so much! 😁 I'm left wondering if time somehow could have reset at the first primordial Big Bang ❤️

What a great video! And the narration is just superb.

Nicely done. Respect. Interesting, quality animations, uptodate information. Amazindg to me :)

Watched all of it in the background, had to rewind a few times, will definitely watch it again

Beautiful video ! Beautiful narrative !

Best vids on the market...great presentation.....thanx

Great channel and topics!

I love these videos, it makes me feel like nothing matters, and I forget about all of my worries. Very relaxing

It is criminal that this channel doesn't have more subs. Its superior to all others like it. UKposts algorithm is not being fair somehow. 👍🏻 Love this channel 💪🏻🇬🇧

The videos on this channel are exquisite. The voice, the graphics and the music are all perfect. Many thanks

This channel and @SEA are the absolute best!

this was such an amazing journey trough the major astronomic findings

Gorgeous and fascinating as always.

Your intros are so well done ❤

Subscribed!! Amazing content.

This was beautifully done thank you.

In my opinion this is one of the best videos on the subject ever made.

I have been watching youtube since it's beginning phase and I have to say, this is probably the best channel I have ever found. The production value and storytelling are on a complete different level. Amazing work!! Cheers from Italy