"As I complained in the last video, water is clear." 😂

I do like most things you show and explain, but the video image... no. Electrons doe not follow Ohm's law. Currently Ohm's law best describes what electrons does

when I was taught osmosis, entropy was not mentioned, and only the enthalpic mechanism was ever mentioned. In fact, I think your explanation doesn't fully make sense. Do you have any references for this mechanism so I can look more in-depth?

He might sound like him, but at least he doesn't look like Tom Green. -..my brain is on the science...my brain is on the science..

Commence. The. Jiggling.

Thank you! Finally, I understood exactly how trees pump water to a height! They have membranes in each cell, and the juice contains sugar.

0:39 is it?

I'd like to say that the law of thermodynamics accounts for this variation, by saying that Entropy will always tend towards increasing, not that it always will increase. For an instant moment, entropy may decrease, but over a long period it will always tend to decrease. If it didn't, then it wouldn't work over long periods. 10^24 particles deciding to jump into a low entropy state is astronomically unlikely, we can say with certainty that we will never see it happen. What we can't say is that it will absolutely never happen. Because just as absurd of a number 10^24 coins being flipped is, there is an even more absurd amount of time they can exist to have it happen. If you flip 10^24 coins every planck second, for 10^10^100^1000 years, your 0% probability event, suddenly becomes an inevitable certainty.

its just a numbers game, the infinite set of all unordered states is larger than the infinite set of all the ordered states so the odds of getting an ordered state when choosing from both is smaller. It's the same reason ropes seem to always end up in a knot

The probability of me winning an argument with an idiot who thinks they know everything is better than with my wife !

Thank you sir for helping me learn more about electricity in just a few minutes than i have in years ! Wonderfully explained for even an uneducated fool like myself.... I thank you.... You have a new subscriber !!

Are you interested in a whole different perspective how chemistry and physics is related in a real simple model with real simple rules?

So. What?

This is why im not religious

Damn I love this channel! At the end when you said you might shake the system for a very long time and cause the ink and water to separate, but that it's just not gonna happen in reality, we could say instead that it is not gonna happen 'in the lifetime of the system' since the wood, glass, etc. will deteriorate before the ink and water separate. You could also say 'in your lifetime' but humans live such a short time I'll go with the system's lifetime. (Yeah, with infinite time and a never deteriorating system it will, 100 percent, separate.) I know you know ALL OF THIS but I wanted to state it for the record!

If entropy relies on heat, it is endothermic; and therefore, cool.

Our brains contain a bias for "random seeming" distributions precisely because it is useful to have a bias for "random seeming" distributions.

Early in the video you say the ten balls sorting themselves into their original condition is extremely unlikely but you can’t really say that without specifying a time period. With no limit on time period, the return to the sorted state is certain to happen.

Winning the lottery every day for the rest of your life is still infinitely more likely than a cup of cold coffee spontaneously increasing by even one degree in a room held at constant temperature

This video is maliciously slowed down on purpose to milk video retention minutes. Greedy. Watch on 2x speed.

One of the thoughts that's fascinated me ever since learning about entropy and the second law of thermodynamics is what happens when you apply it on a large enough scale. Let's say you have a three dimensional space, 10^100 meters long in each dimension (our observable universe is about 10^26 meters). This space has some particles in it. The density doesn't really matter, let's go with 1 neutron per cubic meter. What do we expect to happen? [The box is closed, or wraps around, or I guess if you prefer the space is infinite in all directions. The particles have no interactions other than elastic collisions.] Well, 2nd Law of Thermodynamics -- the system will trend towards an evenly mixed / disordered / high entropy state. The odds of it doing anything else are infinitesimally small. It will ALWAYS be diffuse and evenly mixed. Except....it won't be. The odds are unimaginably small, but if you let the system run for infinite time, eventually you'll get every possible arrangement. I think you can see where I'm going with this. By sheer random chance, you could get a whole bunch of particles in the same place. If you then add the rest of physics to the model, you get a Big Bang. The system I described had 10^300 particles in it. Our observable universe has about 10^80 particles. You could calculate how long you should expect it to take for 10^80 of those 10^300 particles to all end up within the same area. You could also calculate how big the larger system would need to be for 10^80 particles to come together -- somewhere -- at any interval you'd like. It's a very interesting thought. Of course, there's HUGE problems with this as a theory for the origin of our universe. 1.) It supposes that space is constant. But it's not. Dark Energy is the expansion of space -- and as we currently understand it, completely prevents those particles from finding each other by random chance; given enough time Dark Energy would separate those particles so far that they will be physically unable to ever find each other. Not statisitcally unlikely, physically unable. And on top of that, the period of inflation at the start of our universe kind of suggests that space either didn't exist previously or was incredibly compressed. Space is not constant. My simple model doesn't describe anything useful. 2.) Even if space WAS constant, all I've predicted is the spontaneous appearance of a black hole once every [impossibly long time]. If you gathered 10^80 neutrons into the same spot, you'd just get a black hole with the mass of our universe that would slowly decay by hawking radiation, and in the blink of an eye on the time scales we're operating on everything will have returned to entropy. The 2nd Law of thermodynamics wins again. 3.) If I'd been hoping to explain the origin of matter and energy in our universe (Where did it all come from?), all I've done is kicked the problem up a level. My unsaid assumption is that the Big Empty Universe That Very Rarely Forms A Smaller Dense Universe For A Very Short Time (BEUTVRFASDUFAVST for short) is an eternal system. It's an incredibly unsatisfying answer to the big philosophical questions. It's a very boring answer. It doesn't line up with our current understanding of physics. But if you ignore Dark Energy, assume space is constant, and assume that really big black holes just explode for some reason -- then you can explain how something came from "nothing" in defiance of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. You just had to have a very large system and wait a very long time.

Getting a head start on your 2^79 sub special

A corollary to the distributions you're showing with larger and larger numbers of coin flips overwhelmingly preferring 50:50 is that if you *do* find you have a coin that flips 75/100 heads, or 600/1000, it's overwhelmingly more likely that you have an unfair or weighted coin than it is that you got that by chance, and the more times you flip, the less far from 50:50 this imbalance needs to be before you should be questioning your assumption of a fair coin. (This can also lead into discussions on Bayesian statistics and prior/posterior probably)

I guess sheldon was right. Science is cool!

I was expecting you to tell us/confirm you started those two marbles from the left side, at the end of this video... What a cliffhanger!

When i saw that the caps where 3D printed, i was waiting for you to mention the issues you got with leaking and stuff THROUGH the layer lines. It is not something you realy thing about at first, caight me quite off guard in a few instanced lol.

I don't think you boiled a liter of water. Every molecule that boils becomes gas at much less density than the water that boiled. Especially because it's under such low pressure. So when you have a liter of gas, there must be less than a liter of water boiled. The increased gas from the generation of steam would have raised the pressure inside the vessel meaning most of the water left the vessel because the vacuum was no longer strong enough to overcome gravity.

Entropy is also related to the difficulty of describing the state. All 10 are heads (or tails) is easy to describe and thus has low entropy. But naming the state of every coin is difficult to describe, so states requiring us to enumerate which are heads (or tails) has higher entropy. "Only coins 1 and 7 are tails" requires more detailed information than "None are heads." It is NOT merely human psychology involved here because entropy has been increasing MUCH longer than there were humans to be fascinated by it. Additionally, dye molecule position requires substantially more resolution than the left (or right) side of the box. Increasing the resolution in 3D is equivalent to flipping the coin more times... each 3D molecule-sized box will contain either a water molecule or a dye molecule (more precisely a dye molecule or several water molecules having the same volume). But even this requires us to 'round off' the dye molecules' positions to the nearest box. Quantum mechanics places the phase space resolution at Planck's constant, h. And this leads to the final problem with the demonstration: Position alone is not sufficient to specify the system state... momentum (or velocity) of all particles is also needed. Although the marbles were separated, they were NOT at rest nor did they have the same non-zero momentum.

The marble example is not actually that great as it was obvious the first one was forwards while the second was "backwards" because in the "backwards" clip the marble sped up AFTER collision which is obviously not right and actually DOES make it something that can't happen.

Every time I see a new video on this channel I'm more and more convinced that I'm watching a future star in the realm of popular science. Keep giving your videos the same amount of care you're giving them here, and success will be beating down your door.

16:05 - how about getting sugar marbles that are bigger, and the filter is a divider set a certain height above the table to let the water marbles through but bounce the sugar marbles back?

Extremely fascinating video.

Q: Whats the probability of impossible event? A: Less than once in a universe lifetime

When you say electrostatic potential that makes absolute perfect sense. I am not sure why this would be hard to understand. If you know what potential energy is it is not that hard to extrapolate it to electrical energy. Electrical energy does not need to have visible differences between potential on each side but instead of height in a fluid system it it the charges between the particles causing the flow. Edit he just ended up stating this almost verbatim. I was just using reasoning to deduct this but am goad to know my reasoning was reasonable lol.

You get that shirt at Dan Flash's?

Entropy must be capable of decreasing because the Universe couldn't come into existence without it.

Hi! 6:06 i never knew what for are there 65536 (or even more like 2147000000) of rows in the spreadsheet :) - now i know why, to paint all the combinations of 16 or flipped coins :D

Ignore Boltzmann's Constant. Fact: the sum of p(k)*ln(1/p(k)) over N microstates indexed by k is maximized when all p(k) are the same, and thus equal 1/N. Then the entropy (modulo B's constant) is ln(N). Made a quick program in Mathematica to calculate entropy for a biased coin with probabilities p and q. Entropy is maximized at p=q=1/2. But it is unbounded with n= number of coin flips. n = 22 p = 0.5 q = 1 - p Binomial[9, 3] Sum[Binomial[n, k]*(p^k)*(q^(n - k)), {k, 0, n}] s1 = Sum[k*Binomial[n, k]*(p^k)*(q^(n - k))*Log[p], {k, 0, n}] s2 = Sum[(n - k)*Binomial[n, k]*(p^k)*(q^(n - k))*Log[q], {k, 0, n}] s3 = -(s1 + s2)

2:22 - my brain aches - who is pulling all these cords??? 16 maxwell daemons?

Entropy is just the universal bogo sort

12:18 kind of recalls me the Hubbert Curve: cdn.permaculturenews.org/images/peak-ff-oil.jpg

@22:50 Funny you saying that while I'm watching Foundation

the reverse implication is also true though, the smaller the system, the more likely you going to get "ordered" outcome. theoretically if a hypothetical spatial divider were to subdivide the state space into many sub space, you get more reversal.

The short circuit from battery will go right back to the battery and a meter will show a voltage going getting lower on the other end until the battery becomes equalized. There is no ground to bleed the battery completely .

The sugar-water marble analogue would work better if the black marbles were bigger in size, and there was a ceiling in the middle which only allowed the chrome marble sized marbles through.

I think an interesting way to do the osmosis visualization with the balls would have been to have a smaller ball-bearing representing the water, then having a bar across the top of the frame that blocked the taller balls from passing, but allowed the smaller ones through. Would have kept you from needing to stick your hand in, though perhaps it gets less clear why things are going the way they are when the balls are actually different sizes (even if it represents the actual physics better as I understand it)

So my account just decided to subscribe to this guy… good think it’s neat

My goodness what a career ahead of you

For a split second ALL the air molecules in my room gathered in one corner and my head 🤯..

AlphaPhoenix's real name revealed: Maxwell's Demon