I think the silicon industry is the equivalent of the modern space race. It just goes to show what insane advancements science can make with collaboration and a good amount of financial incentive behind it. It never ceases to amaze me how much further we can push this single element and I'm curious what will lie beyond the silicon lands.

The Vivek Singh in that paper was the same person. He was leading the computational lithography group at intel before he joined Nvidia.

I've seen every talk by Aki Fujimura about curvilinear masks. Being a mathematician, I find ILT the most fascinating part of chip manufacturing.

this guy is just insane, being a Mat sci PhD student, I can resonate to how many hours of research and literature review goes into making one of these videos. Keep up the good work bro!

I was in IC design from 5000 nm NMOS down through 65 nm CMOS. Thanks for catching me up on 2 decades of progress!

They definitely did have many of the world's 486+ million Spanish speakers talking about cuLitho...

Thank you for another fantastic video Asianometry!! Your videos are some of my most beloved UKposts videos! Keep up the amazing work!!

That lithography machine that ASML makes is literally magic to me

This channel has given me a passion for photolithography. I'm proud to say that as a second year student I'm currently interviewing with onSemi, microchip, synopsis and MKS thanks to the interest you sparked in me for this field

This is by far the best video from Asianometry. I thought the videos on High-NA EUV would have already been challenging, but looks like the bar is now raised even higher. Kudos to the great work. Looking forward to more videos with such high quality content.

For a couple of years I had been scratching my head trying to figure out how feature-sizes could be so much smaller than the wavelengths of light, even "extreme" UV. I met a guy in a brewpub that works for Nvidia who helped get some understanding but this added a bit more. Still learning. Thanks.

the more i know the more fascinating it gets. thank you for producig this kind of videos!

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="654">10:54</a> - Yes, Vivek was formerly the head of the computational lithography group at Intel.

Good stuff here - your presentation is striking too - Thank you!

These talks/explanations are fascinating. You do them well.

As an electrical engineer, this video is amazing because I'm currently trying to get into the IC industry. Thanks for the high-quality videos.

Interesting comment about using computers to make computers faster. In 1978 my first job was making circuit boards for Motorola 6802 based industrial computer. It controlled a retrofit to a K&S 478 wirebonder making it automatic by targeting 2 points on the die and pushing the button. We had no drill for to make the PCBs so we took the computer we made and bolted on so big stepper motors and turned the wirebonder into a drill for the circuit boards. A vacuum cleaner was the dust collector. Our customers when the toured the factory would stop at this homemade hack of a machine, and ponder. Many commented "wow, the machine is making itself!" Indeed....

Mathematically, a lot of these computations are numerical inversions. OPC could be considered a crude numerical inversion depending on how it's done exactly. Typically, you have inputs and a mathematical model that gives an output. In an inversion, you know the output, but either the input or model is unknown. If the initial paper used simulated annealing, the computations most likely minimize the L2 norm, which is a classical numerical inversion technique. I imagine they have been predominately using Bayesian inversion in ILT. That gets very computationally intensive when you add complexity to Bayesian Inversion, but it is more flexible, and uncertainty quantification is given because the method involves probability distributions. I don't know what CuLitho uses, and it's hard to verify on the internet. I was thinking of AI Inference because NVIDIA has been using ML in GPU design recently. There are so many inverse problems in science. If it's a remote measurement or you are trying to determine the interior of an object from an exterior measurement, then it's most likely an inverse problem.

I appreciated your closing philosophical statement about using computers to design chips to make faster computers. It reminded me of the old "if you could make a machine that replicates itself but half the size, and the resulting machine does the same, how far could that recursion progress until the resulting machine is too small to work?"

Been waiting for this for a while. Thank you

This video is a great introduction for laymen into the history of litho for wafer fab. Still a but technical on the jargon, but accessible to most who would pay attention.

Computers designing computers was the concept behind numbering "generations" of computers: 1st gen, vacuum tubes; 2nd gen: discrete semiconductors; 3rd gen SSI scale integration; 4th gen: LSI. Very self-referential. By now, it must be 20th gen or something.

I was taking a VLSI course back in the early 80's, and for a class project had to write and use a LISP design rule checker. At work the lab next to me had a DEC minicomputer. I asked for several seconds of CPU time to verify my chip design. It actually took several hours of CPU time. Not exactly lithography, just a lesson about how much computational power is required to design even a VLSI sized chip.

There is something very calming about your videos.

Fascinating stuff!! Thank you!

Your videos are just simply fascinating!

It's worth mentioning that this will not have any kind of major impact on the actual throughput of the production of the wafers. There were some channels that saw this Nvidia breakthrough news and got carried away with the idea that throughput would be 10X faster or whatever. This will help speed up design, the throughput is still the same.

Amazing work as always, sir!

This is how I make sense of it. The fact that a photon is emitted from an individual atom implies the theoretical resolution limit of masks could reach the size of an individual atom regardless of the wavelength. (This assumes the etendue of the light source is the size of an individual atom). Working backwards, the photon wavefront emanating from the source atom must be duplicated at the absorbing atom. This is essentially what the mask design is trying to do. It’s more like a hologram than a stencil image being focused on the wafer. The wavefront reaching a point on the wafer must reach that point in phase from as large a solid angle as possible.

Unbelievable optimizations! Thank you for explaining it!

One of my favorite movies is “Culito’s Way” with Ass Pachinko.

"Let us dive in butt first... *But first* I want to remind you about the news letter" I see you.

Reminds me of the technique used for inter-chip communication on computer motherboards. Basically two chips "ping" each other and "learn" how to distort their own output so the receiving end gets the cleanest signal possible. -> Introduce distortions at the source so they overlap/interfere among themselves over the conductors path so the received signal is clean. It was probably Intel who developed this technique but I cant remember its name...

Fascinating presentation and topic. A fair bit is beyond my understanding, but it gave me a glimpse into the science of chip making. Very cool indeed.

Immersion lithography is exactly the same concept that is used with light microscopes, when wanting to take a look at a sample of whatever under the highest magnification possible with light microscopes, it is common practice to place a small droplet of a very specific kind of oil, with a very specific refractive index, the light travels from the light source, underneath the sample, through the prepared sample on a glass slide with a thin cover slip of glass, the oil droplet contact both the top surface of the cover slip and also makes contact with the magnifying lens, the oil is carefully chosen so that the light rays basically pass right through the oil/glass interfaces without being wildly refracted, it's basically a clever way to collect and collimate limited light to provide more effective resolution at very high magnification, high for light microscopes at least.

The more I learn about chip making from this channel the more I wonder if I might have been interested in the microelectronics engineering major over my computer engineering major. its all so fascinating, but I must stay faithful and true to my computer architecture & organization... and I don't think I could handle the circuits maths lol

I seen an article about cannon having a new method competing with ASML as it costs a fraction of the costs.

I just want to point out that depth of focus and depth of field are not the same.... at least in photography. Depth of focus relates to behind the lens, and depth of field relates to infront of the lens. A longer focal length with shallower depth of field will have a wider depth of focus.

Hope a video on chip architecture can be made. There was a video from CNBC (if I remember correctly) on ARM and how it moved forward when it's acqusition by NVIDIA was stopped by regulators.

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="715">11:55</a> Manhattan Geometry refers to a regular grid of rectangles (typically squares, never triangles). It takes its name from the regular street grid pattern of most of Manhattan Island in New York City.

keep doing this videos bro. awesome

Great work, thank you

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="662">11:02</a> at the edge of digital reality, certainty and uncertainty flip.. Great background setup to this point.. very cool to see people leveraging uncertainty. We just embrace the facts when it works.. otherwise insanity right ?

I'm only 45 seconds in and you already earned my like. Well done.

I really like this discussion, and would love to know how these enhanced designs might actually impact the chip performance both computationally, power/heat, materials optimization. Additionally, going a bit deeper into the physics of how/why your enhanced designs look so radically more elegant than the non-enhanced versions. Thanks, Ken.

I watched this to stimulate my brain, and I think I'm high from trying to understand what I was listening to. Well done.

Very informative Nicejob

Quality content, as always. *sigh* Alright, I do recall back sometime Eeeh.. ‘99-01 ish, Intel’s Celeron, and in some iteration, CU interconnects were added Yes, it was referred to as the CUleron Yes, the jokes were made.

I feel a bit sad for Luminescent Technologies. Coming up with revolutionary idea 2 decades too early. Also I'm worried that it might cement NVIDIA's monopoly in some segments of GPU use (in this case I assume it's something like HPC). I really hope that not only Radeon Technologies, but also a lot of 3rd party companies are working on their own patents. And when it comes to RTG there is always a chance (given their record) that they will make it open source. Because unless CuLITHO (Or however NVIDIA spells it) is not monetized or restrictive in use (so proprietary with control over who can use it for what), then again, it might end up with monopoly. Then again - credit where credit is due - they have amazing researchers. And they deserve a praise (and raise).

Nice channel, and nice explanation.

I know this is besides the video and I'm sorry. But I love that you used a gif from Prodigal Son, I feel that it's a really great underappreciated series.

Thanks for, at the very intro, you addressed the meaning of "culitho" (culito) in spanish.

Let’s goo, another great video.

this intro has been the funniest for me so far🤣

Isn't ILP the reason why Intel thought they had quad-patterning "solved" for their 10nm process, resulting in the disastrously late transition from 14nm many years later than initially announced ?

I did not expect this video to contain so many instances of the word butt, nor did I expect it to be said in the way it was 😅.

Your picture should be in the dictionary next to the word "fastidious". Well done sir!

The thing is you just need one of each picture, 4 16 125, 2^2, 4^2, 5^3, thats not alot of pictures. Once you have the set of pictures, you must replicate the set of pictures. This way uses heavy radiation, or slow etching. Slow radiation has more spin charge, but goes a shorter distance. Like riding the motorcycle through the bee hive into the oblivion. Once a large amount of sets are produced, its taken to the stadium with the 215 ft curved reynolds wrap is gently glowin at 100 billion degrees. The aztec foot bed of graphite with the piano safety lights allows the workers to set the fuzed quartz down. The foolt path fills in with the layers 33 metal 35 alloy blend "glass" and a breeze washes over the field at 100 billion parts per 300 yards, its dealt it cuz you smlt it.

Butt Culitho sounds like "culito" in spanish, *small butt* haha

Interesting. I'm a little bit scared about how dominant NVIDIA became concerning anything GPU or AI related in the past few years, but you can't deny they're doing great work so far. Another thing: I'd like to know if NVIDIA thinks about nanoimprint lithography as well, as it seems this technology might take a decent portion of the market when it comes to older nodes, eventually. Great video as always!

thanks :) missing this part in semiconductor industry. wondering how I will be able to buy you coffee in Taipei as thank you gift haha.

I knew the word use 'Breakthrough' was a click-bait.

seeing how nvidia basically sounds like spanish envidia (envy) and now culitho (small a55) I'd say they're sticking to their naming convention

With silicon atoms being 0.2 nanometers, it's hard to understand how much further we could push silicon technology before having to jump to something like gallium nitride for improved frequency or power draw. There is only so far you can push new gate designs and better optical systems and even then, we're already hitting diminishing returns with heat and frequency.

I'm looking forward for their take on an ARM chip.

Cool. Thanks for sharing.

Chip design and manufactoring are insane. They can make structures in atomic scale. How does the etching still work in the nanometer region? Liquids have a surface tension, how can they reach the desired points to etch?

Fascinating, captain! 😊

I wonder what the optimizations would look like if you were to allow it to calculate in three dimensions 🤔 if the light isbeing focused down then seems to imply that it's coming into the design pattern from a spectrum of angles? So what if you printed a design image with a few layers? Could you account for the angle difference caused by the focusing to produce an anti-lensing effect, using kind of a shadow box design? Very interesting that these idealized patterns have kind of a morié a to them.

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="667">11:07</a> So this ILT is basically a hologram containing the desired image? Or a process of calculating such hologram?

But surely, there are many common blocks used in a design, so their masks that can simply be called up from a library and used without extra computation ? Surely it would only be the new elements, and interconnections of "blocks" that actually need to be computed. Thank you for a fascinating video, I'd love more detail on the techniques , if they could be explained as clearly as you have managed here !

Cool stuff. Great video

I'm from Austria and I didn't know about IMS. What a pleasant surprise.

BEA Saleh... that name rang a bell. I went to rip out my old Photonics textbook that I haven't touched in almost a decade and it turns out that WAS the same Saleh! :D

How do you know all this? Great topic.

Where is our CUDA for Xilinx/AMD Place and Route? Accelerating ASIC design and FPGAs don’t get any love haha

Stable Diffusion's latest release, Cascade, is based on Würstchen (sausage) architecture too !! 😂

this reminds me of how precision improved in machining as machines would progressively build better machines. in the 90s, i heard an aside where Apple was supposedly designing its next Mac and sought to buy a Cray supercomputer to facilitate its design. Cray supposedly commented that he was designing his next Cray on a Mac. Circle of life stuff there. 😂

That git gud in the captions killed me LMAO

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="661">11:01</a> Whoa! The 'ILT' yields totally non intuitive yet highly functional results. This leads one to speculate what 'Artificial Intelligence ' might yield: 1) The good: Even greater, yet less understood optimizations. 2) The bad: Maligned functionalities that only an AI 'being' can access, and will do so at a time of their choosing.

I feels like some of this computation could be "cached" as reusable features. Additionally, simple proximity rules could probably be established for adjusting the ILT boundaries on a feature. That way you're essentially pre-calculating a lot of the work as you go. Then you'd only need to do a final pass for validation and adjustments to complex intersections.

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="750">12:30</a> The way you say 2010s like it's the ancient past 😫😫

I could improve this I bet. Already got ideas. I'd have to see the library though.

Why does the slide show <a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="117">1:57</a> hopper 42x vs amper 23x wouldn't that just mean equal to ada love lace?? Cause if 3090 vs 4090 is uplift of 65% then hopper be around same ???? Just a question or it's more about there new way of processing and another reason to add $$ to price of chip?? Have a great day everyone.

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="209">3:29</a> Actually, increasing k1 or lambda, or decreasing NA will yield better resolution, not just raising k1 or decreasing NA. The problem with raising lambda is one of overstimulation, which can be offset by lowering the amount of light projected.

Thank you for the video but there are still low frequency noises very hearable with good headphones (pop boomy sounds). They are distracting. Could you apply a high pass filter to audio during video editing please?

All the NVidia libraries start with CU for CUDA, (Compute Unified Device Architecture) their current overall parallel API and GPU architecture name, CUBLAS (basic linear algebra system), CUDNN (CU deep neural net) CUSPARSE (sparse array computation) etc., so the butt thing is an unfortunate coinkydink.

Holy S3!T Batman! This looks a lot like other death cheating moves. It means that the accuracy of the entire optical path is no longer in need of highly precise mfg'ing or even design. Much like self calibrating optical lenses with many mirrors, voice coils having replaced stepper motors, fuel injectors in cars (now part of a feedback loop so the system is self-calibrating) and on and on - this will change the economics of the equipment, likely change the optimizations to get more light thru or drive down costs or ... I'm not sure what but it's gonna keep people busy for a while.

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="890">14:50</a> We used crude hand made machine tools to fabricate finer machines, etc., etc,. On up to photolithography. Self referential as all get out I think. (edited for splelling)

Manhattan Layout predates VLSI. It originally referred to generic component layout on a PCB.

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="776">12:56</a> One day we'll have in space fabs for chips. These will use lithography, but with a mask that is several hundreds of meters in size. The light will go through lenses similar in size to that of the mask, but these lenses will be fluid tension based, like almost completely self correcting. Spin fluid in space, and you get a lens, basically. Transistors operating on microvolts, 50 atoms wide circuitry. Makes Ryzen 9 appear like dinosaur bones when it comes to computational effectiveness.

ngl i forgot what was that topic of the video around the end lol

I'm 32 and I would give my soul and sanity to go to school in electrical engineering just to participate as an underpaid intern in this industry. Photolithography is the most extreme manufacturing possible. How does Asianometry seem to know everything about the history, concepts, science, and terminology in the semiconductor industry? He sounds so young to know the equivalent of a veteran in the industry. Mindblowing.

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="720">12:00</a> Manhattan geometry shapes are made of rectangles, not triangles

Can you provide some link where the luminescent technology has been split into synopsys and KLA ? I see it's acquired by KLA. But no reference to synopsys at all.

Oopse, maybe I needed to start with the nice guy you mention at the beginning who makes simple videos. I got lost pretty quickly this time.

We use the GPU to build the GPU.

Since quantum mechanics is now screwing up lithography (essentially the Universal Laws are now dictating how much further we can take lithography) there’s nothing left to do but add cores, and adding cores is something Nvidia is very good at. Now we need to recode most software to use multiple cores at once (parallel computing) but that’s difficult to do without getting race conditions (having variables getting modified by one core while another core still needs that variable with the previous value but hasn’t yet reached the point where it’s using it). This is all very doable when applying a transformation to graphics but less easy to do in conventional software.

It might not surprise you that the field of mathematics/mathematical logic concerned with computation is called 'Recursion Theory'. Self-reference is at the foundation of computation in the most abstract and concrete sense. Unsurprisingly, it appears all over the world of computers and the associated engineering of them!

Into the light, I command thee demon chips! On a serious note though, pretty good engineering! Funneling spectrum of light into existence.