Probably the most used component nobody knows of! TL431 Guide! EB#50

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In this video we will be having a look at a very versatile component, the TL431 IC. I used it in the feedback loop of my DIY switched mode power supply and thus got interested in it. That is why I will show you how it works, how you can use it in lot of different circuits and also how it functions in feedback loops of for example voltage converters. Let's get started!
Useful websites you can visit for more information:
www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tl4...
www.bristolwatch.com/ccs/TL43...
www.runonielsen.dk/Feedback.pdf
www.site.uottawa.ca/~rhabash/...
www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral...
u.dianyuan.com/bbs/u/70/136065...
www.ti.com/lit/an/slvaf37/slv...
www.apogeeweb.net/circuitry/t...
Thanks to Skillshare for sponsoring this video.
Music:
2011 Lookalike by Bartlebeats
0:00 TL431 is amazing!
1:25 Intro
2:28 Basics
3:19 TL431 as a Comparator
4:32 TL431 as a 2.5V Zener Diode
5:51 TL431 as an adjustable Zener Diode
6:30 Various other applications
7:20 SMPS Feedback Loop Theory
8:46 TL431 in DIY SMPS

КОМЕНТАРІ: 520

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

The first 1,000 people to use this link will get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare: skl.sh/greatscott10211

@mateushff1445 2 роки тому

T I M E T R A V E L

@nathanielluke2084 2 роки тому

1 week ago pog

@thekaiser4333 2 роки тому

What is this skillshare-pest on youtube?

@hrbakery2 2 роки тому

Too Late

@misterhat5823 2 роки тому

Thumbs down for skillshare,

@ELECTRONOOBS 2 роки тому

What a huge coincidence to have the same topic. When I've posted my video and saw your post too I couldn't believe it. The odds are low:))) Btw, very nice video 👌🏻

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Well, not such a big coincidence. I published the video about 2 weeks ago on Patreon and since you are a supporter I thought you saw that. But its nice to have more than one video on the topic👍 This way we can cover all the details.

@ELECTRONOOBS 2 роки тому

@@greatscottlab Exactly, is still a coincidence for me. You posted on 22nd and I on 23rd 😱 This universe ... 🤣

@RMquickbit 2 роки тому

This made me laugh. No disrespect to anyone but it was obvious when you posted this 2 weeks ago then a video come out instantly on this exact ic via electronoobs it doesn’t take much analysis to see what happened here. Good on you for noticing the same.

@RMquickbit 2 роки тому

Also you posted a teaser picture even before that….

@anonuser2640 2 роки тому

Both of you has to many coincidences 😂

@jensschroder8214 2 роки тому

I had a 24 volt switched-mode power supply but needed 19 volts. To do this, I simply changed the voltage divider on the TL431. I connected a potentiometer (value corresponding to the old resistor that I removed) between the plus 24 volts and the 2.5 volt sense point of the TL431 and reduced the value until I could measure 19 volts at the output. Then I replaced it with a fixed resistor.

@salihay 2 роки тому

Is your power supply still working well now?

@Jackson22379 2 роки тому

@@salihay sorry he dead, May his soul rest in peace

@38911bytefree 2 роки тому

It depends on the design, some controllers will have undevoltage protection on the VCC pin that feed them from a separate winding on the primary. Lowering the voltage of the output will lower VCC too. Doing the other way (try to change the voltage up) can also fail because the same issue. Some PSUs are pretty basic and will not care. Other have this protections and zeners as double safety, usually triggering from a dedicated optocoupler in case that everything fails (laptop chargers). also note that 817-alike opto polarization changes and its components need to be upgraded. Rising the voltage even when it looks "FINE" is not advisable. This PSUs have nothing to spare. Spikes when swithing off will kill the mosfet or reverse voltage will exceed the rated of the ouput diode. Otherwise ATX psus will make a great labo PSU ...and they are NOT. Tweaking an ATX PSU to ouput a higher voltage is a recipe for disaster.

@scunnerdarkly4929 2 роки тому

This is the freakiest thing ever. Possibly. I’ve literally just been pricing up TL431s for the SMPS section of the Mac Classic analogue board (PSU and CRT section) schematic I’m staring at right now, when the notification for this video came through. Timing could not have been more perfect!

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Haha I hope my video helps a bit ;-)

@mmghv 2 роки тому

How about when I first stumbled upon it when trying to fix a charger, I fell in love with it and started tinkering and hacking with it, only to start finding my favorite youtubers one after another making a video about it.

@derrekvanee4567 2 роки тому

And a fww days ago. The otjer big maker did a 43q video too what a. Treat as I've been learning vrefs lately also

@bobweiram6321 2 роки тому

It's called UKposts Serendipity! Sometimes I will see two or more videos covering the same general topic on the same day even though the topic isn't news and the content creators don't know each other. I've also had cases where I was struggling with an issue and lo and behold, the solution shows up on my feed minutes later! It makes you wonder how random the universe really is.

@stevedaenginerd 2 роки тому

Thank you for putting these EB videos together and sharing them! I really enjoy the "bite sized" info you give on a subject. You don't go into super detail, but give enough detail so that we can go off and find more details! I would love to hear your take on a deep dive into feedback theory and design. There is some much more to this subject that is not really common knowledge, so to speak. Ya know, I don't know what I don't know. 🤓

@sofiaco1513 2 роки тому

TechBuilder made a short facebook post on this a few months ago. Never knew how nifty it could be by adding an outboard pass transistor. Been using it as a handy adjustable voltage reference for adcs

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

There are truly many applications :-)

@mysock351C 2 роки тому

I'd have to dig it up, but there was even a switching buck regulator example in one of my old Motorola IC catalogs that used a linear regulator as the sole control in the circuit. Not sure how accurate it was, but it was impressive to see someone using a linear circuit to do switching regulation. Really are lots of applications for something you would not think of.

@waqaszahid86 2 роки тому

A very useful component, discovered it not too long ago when I tried building my first switched mode power supply, since it is so cheap and easy to get I use it in all sorts of applications from voltage references for arduino to tiny constant current load for my power supplies, amazing how versatile this little component is.

@LeonMatthews 2 роки тому

This video combines my two favourite things! A deep dive into a fun component and its applications, and a component that has become cheap because of how often it is used in industry. My last project actually used a TL431 - a voltage monitor to automatically cut-off power from a lead-acid battery for only a buck or two in parts. Thank you, and keep up the great videos!

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Thanks for the feedback👍 Glad you enjoyed the video👌

@felipel.r.637 2 роки тому

Hey Leon, do you have an scrhamtic for that? I'm trying to build exactly that, but most cut-off circuits I found are op-amp based (just the ones I don't have on my parts bin)

@LeonMatthews 2 роки тому

@@felipel.r.637 Of course! I'll draw it up for you tonight (NZ time). Prepare to be underwhelmed though... Conceptually it's the same is the circuit Scott shows at 6:50 - but with positive feedback to turn the MOSFET hard-on to prevent overheating (also oscillation), and inverted to use a more efficient (and cheaper) N-channel MOSFET.

@memejeff 2 роки тому

It's incredible how such a small component can be so useful. Amazing vid as always. Gonna buy myself some TL431's.

@georgeh1352 6 місяців тому

Working out how circuits work doesn't come easy for this old guy, so good explanations are a God send. Many thanks, have subscribed and hope to see more of your videos.

@ripleyleuzarder630 2 роки тому

My fav Op Amp was the 741, and was in a class with its designer as our instructor in 84. I like the way you present your evaluations Thanks

@rhinoreign1324 Рік тому

Yo Scott. Many thanks for the great tips and detailed explanations you always provide. I thoroughly enjoy watching your videos as the Electronics-bug got me, and your content along with ElectroNoobs... and I'm sure there's many more out there, really helps me ease in to the system without TOO many uncertainties. Safety precautions are at a high as I'm just getting started. Anyway, just thought I'd express my appreciation for the time, effort and energy you've put into your VERY WELL documented & Tested Content! Cheers mate!

@electroinduction1512 2 роки тому

Ahhh yes voltage reference tl431 one of the most usefull components. As always awesome video🔥🔥🔥 Cheers!

@synqelectric6163 2 роки тому

Great Scott. If only you knew how much influence you had on me since i started watching your videos. Actually, i improved my veroboard skills by seeing how yo neatly arrange components in yours. You are my mentor. Thank you so much. 🙏🙏🙏

@Den_Electro Рік тому

Hello Friend! Watch my video! ukposts.info/have/v-deo/ioN7joCPsZ2LsqM.html

@sauritinfo2248 2 роки тому

As new electronics thinker, I was going to order a whole kit of zener diode ....but after watching this video.....I will just buy some of these TL431. This is really good to know about this. Thank you #greatscott

@kennmossman8701 2 роки тому

Yes but............you do have the limitations of the TL431. A Zener can be a simpler, cheaper solution with lower parts count.

@CircuitShorts 2 роки тому

Just recently I was looking up the internet for over current pull down protection for my circuit and this IC popped up... Thanks for explaining the working in details!

@jacobwcrosby 2 роки тому

*I AM SO GLAD WITH YOUR FREQUENCY OF VIDEOS LATELY!* I know full well how much work this just be for you, but I think I speak for a great many of us, it really is exciting to see a new release from you! No matter the topic, you make it understandable, entertaining, engaging, and simply watchable for just about anybody. *I think it is your super soothing cadence of speech, and that sweet, sweet German accent!* 😁😁😁👏👏👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼😳😳😃😃😃

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Thanks for the feedback👍 I really appreciated it👍

@ahmedansari6827 2 роки тому

Oh my god!!!!! This is awesome!!!!!!!! Your videos are a little fast for me, unless I already know little bit about the topic. Is that a flaw? Not at all! For details datasheets are always there, But these videos show us a picture of the universe, what all things are possible and what IC/component to look for the job! Ofc can expect to see each and every planet in an image of the universe! Keep it up bro!

@uecmitsuimarinedieselengin873 2 роки тому

What a useful nice video ! i come across videos about SMPS in China everyday but i didnt know how TL431 functions. You have solved my questions, thanks.

@lasciencedelamusique6245 2 роки тому

You're really Great! Thank you for sharing all these cool tricks and valuable knowledge.

@NickElectronics 2 роки тому

Great video! I found TL431 2 yeas ago, and from that time use it in almost every circuit when i need to get precise Voltage Reference)

@avejst 2 роки тому

great video as always 👍😀 thanks for sharing your experience with all of us 👍😀

@PhG1961 2 роки тому

Excellent video, very well explained and also a very usefull/interesting topic !

@friddevonfrankenstein 2 роки тому

This is awesome. I hjaven't looked at the datasheet yet but I already have possible applications running through my head like crazy Oo Thank you :)

@Frankey2310 2 роки тому

Strange - I use TL431 all the time. One of the best ways I found to control the current of a high-power LED (either linearly or through a switching converter) is with an op-amp comparing shunt voltage to a reference. TL431 is the exact thing you need for the job - the 2.495V it produces by default can be easily divided into anything you need, and, unlike a Zener diode, it can sink a wide range of currents with Vref staying within a tight range. It's basically an extremely accurate Zener that doesn't require you to meticulously precalculate the value of R_Z. Simply great!

@jeffm2787 2 роки тому

TL431, I've got hundreds of these I've pulled from SMP's for years. Great little part. I've watched some over time on my 3457A and they don't drift all that much, pretty good for what they are normally used for.

@bharathyalandur9093 2 роки тому

Hey GreatScott, really love your videos. They never fail to interest me. I was particularly interested when you brought Laplace transformations. In fact I would actually love to see an expansion of such theoretical concepts and calculations. Thanks heaps for the great videos!

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

I will see what I can do😅

@aaronhooper6209 2 роки тому

I agree 👍💯!!

@jimmysyar889 2 роки тому

@@greatscottlab agree, seeing transfer functions in practical applications would be very helpful

@amused_harry 2 роки тому

I would also like to see Laplace in action

@KeritechElectronics Рік тому

A nice and pleasant introduction to SMPS design, construction and modding. Thanks a lot :)

@alexoja2918 2 роки тому

I've been looking for sharp zeners for my projects for ages. This thing with a transistor will suffice. Thank you!

@W1RMD 2 роки тому

Thanks! I enjoyed that. You have great info on your channel!

@ThiasRussell 2 роки тому

Love your vids as always :) An idea for some videos, could it be that you could give some tips and hint on fault finding on some curcuits ??? Just an idea what to look for and so on maybe a small series :) Keep us posted.

@keithking1985 2 роки тому

WOW! Can't beileve you never worked with the TL431 before.. it's everywhere! It will become one of your favourite IC's.

@sundog486 2 місяці тому

Yes! Have used them for many years.

@PlaywithJunk 2 роки тому

I recently used the TL431 for balancing supercaps. Acts like a 2.5V Zener diode without any additional components, just REF to Cathode.

@sarathai2876 2 роки тому

Great video I love videos that explain the basics of a component

@TechReview2000 2 роки тому

I love these very informative videos. They really inspired me to peruse my own projects. Please keep making them! (Btw, on a previous "community post" you mentioned that your videos have underperformed. - Maybe you should make a second channel with more project based videos? They might lead newcomers to your main channel.)

@MrGeoffHilton 2 роки тому

Thanks for the info, never realised how important this component is, cheers.

@piconano 2 роки тому

Please keep in mind one important characteristic of this programmable Zener IC. It's fully temperature compensated, unlike any Zener that ever lived. Zeners are so yesterday.

@arthurmoore9488 2 роки тому

It's really insane how much voltage drift things like temperature can cause. Of course, that's what happens when you amplify errors. Going from a 24V signal down to a 5V for ADC measurements doesn't sound so bad. Until you realize that the max needs to be closer to 30, so any errors are magnified 6x. At that level, even small differences become a pain to deal with.

@jmi5969 2 роки тому

"Ever lived" is an overstatement. There is a whole class of temperature-compensated zeners, like the 1N82x series. The genuine 1N829 costs about two hundred times more than noname Chinese TL431s, but it has a rated tempco of 0.0005%/K. That's 0.05% change over a 100K interval, far better than even the best-grade genuine TL431s. And if the app needs the lowest possible noise, again, the zeners are naturally quieter.

@DrakeOola 2 роки тому

@@jmi5969 Get learnt.

@klave8511 Рік тому

Zeners are here to stay for safety. Approvals agencies recognize it behaviour in a protection role, an ic can’t replace a zener here, they’re too slow and failure mode is not consistent. Zeners are cheap and available in different power handling sizes. Massive current pulse handling capability.

@mikemike7001 Рік тому

The TL431 has been used for decades. Introduced by TI in 1977, now made by many major semiconductor companies.

@d614gakadoug9 7 місяців тому

Yup. Anyone who has been in electronics for very long should know about it. A "precision" programmable reference it ain't, but it's not too shabby and it's useful for lots of things.

@antonycasanova4067 2 роки тому

Wow, Das ist eine nützliche Komponente, danke!

@anuragmahajan5919 2 роки тому

You should make a video or video series on feedback loop design. I would really appreciate it and I am sure others as well

@omniyambot9876 2 роки тому

I love these type of topics!

@electrorush7754 2 роки тому

Loved this video, it helps to increase my knowledge .

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Glad it was helpful!

@joop2295 2 роки тому

Used the TL431 in several applications,. Yes, very versatile component! You call the internals of the TL431 a comparator, but it is really an opamp. You can use an opamp as a comparator, but in most cases you cannot use a comparator as an opamp, because comparators are not stable in the linear region. A TL431 can be used in the linear region, when you use proper compensation.

@NiHaoMike64 2 роки тому

There was a contest around the TL431 a long time ago, the winning entry was an audio amplifier for a crystal radio. Looks just like a transistor, the volume from what appears to be a crystal radio augmented with a single transistor amplifier was just incredible.

@GogiRegion 2 роки тому

It’s incredible how much can fit into so little nowadays. We’ve basically gotten some components down to the point it’s able to be easily measured in atoms wide, like transistors with their less than 100 silicon atom wide. It’s crazy to think that we’re approaching the atomic level for how small some electronic components have been.

@Raz82000 2 роки тому

It's an mk484 i guess.

@harshgandhi100 2 роки тому

Awesome, TL431 is a real versatile component. Great Video.

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Thanks!

@kevgermany 2 роки тому

You really make me want to play with this stuff. Thanks.

@gabrielenriquemartinezllan9224 2 роки тому

Simply very excellent video!

@MCsCreations 2 роки тому

Pretty interesting component indeed! 😃 Thanks a lot for the lesson, dude! Stay safe and creative there! 🖖😊

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Thanks👍

@hellomate7681 2 роки тому

Is always interesting and awesome videos! 👍 Also, can you make videos about most used pnp transistor

@MrFring 2 роки тому

More videos like this please. I want to learn more! MORE!

@Flip-Flop-Rio 2 роки тому

Scott, good afternoon! Really the TL431 is fantastic. When I discovered it about 2 years ago, I was also surprised by its accuracy for a very small price. I set up a small 5v voltage reference to calibrate small 3 1/2 digit multimeters. I'm from Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

@abdelrahmanmohsen2735 2 роки тому

we really enjoy your videos and wait for it . iam a fan of powersupplies too

@furqanahmad943 2 роки тому

I was searching about tl431 but could not find any video related to it .Thanks for this video .I want to learn more about the uses of tl431 . Can you make another video about it .Still Thanks for the video really appreciate it.

@electronic7979 2 роки тому

Helpful video. I liked it 👏

@ajoyroybarman 2 роки тому

You are such a good teacher...🙏🙏👌 Want to know more about programming pins details in simplest way..

@jtb8631 2 роки тому

I love the tl431, so many uses

@TiredOldDad1 2 роки тому

I am an electronic repair technician and I work on many types of switch mode power supplies. The TL431 can fail sometimes and it is difficult to diagnose because it does not short or open like a defective diode would. It will measure identical to a known good one using a multimeter or a curve tracer. In some cases the only way to know is to replace it. The symptom is usually a pulsing output where the DC is jumping past the rated voltage output. There are other things that can cause this symptom too, making for a difficult diagnosis. Your video was extremely good. Thank you!

@intelligentprocessorai396 2 роки тому

Thanks a lot for this info... Brother!!! Now I can complete my mysterious project!!

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Glad I could help!

@cavemandanwilder5597 2 роки тому

I have a TL431 acting as a voltage reference in a few low-voltage-battery-cutoff circuits. I like to replace alkaline batteries in the cat toys we use a lot with lithium batteries, and I add a cutoff circuit to make sure the battery doesn’t discharge too far. Only five components! EDIT: No joke, I wrote this before the exact same circuit appeared in the video @6:50…..GreatScott is always two steps ahead of me….😅

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

I just knew it😉

@RoyalTech_2024 2 роки тому

Very good video mate.

@robinsattahip2376 2 роки тому

Thank you, I've found these things in 50 cent phone chargers I've bought solely for experimentation and dissection. Never quite knew that they were but assumed it was a switching transistor. (my fault for not doing more research) PS No, I would not trust or use one of those cheap chargers but they're fun to mess with.

@JawadAhmadsahibzada 2 роки тому

Now this is the interesting topic , will watch later with coffee 👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼 Great 👍🏼Scott !!

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Hope you enjoy!

@onecircuit-as 2 роки тому

Brilliant! What a great vid - now I know what to do with this little guy. 👍😀

@DunOpondo 8 місяців тому

This is awesome 👍🏿

@RodelDacup 2 роки тому

very informative.. thanks a lot ❤

@BobMonsen 2 роки тому

Think of the TL431 as an NPN transistor with a Vbe of 2.5 volts, and a super high beta.

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Nice comparison👍

@martinvollderpro 2 роки тому

@AlHasan Sameh gain

@freakbot1056 2 роки тому

I don't know what you mean ,but guessing it's pretty rad .

@jmi5969 2 роки тому

@AlHasan Sameh There is no beta because there is no current-to-current multiplication; input current does not change much at all. The TL431 is an "almost true" differential voltage-to-current converter. Once it had reached the on-state threshold, it converts 1mV input (referenced to the threshold voltage) to 1mA of output current. And the maximal voltage gain is around 1000 or less (compared to around 3000-6000 for a silicon BJT).

@ferrumignis 2 роки тому

It's more like a three pin op-amp with a high but very stable input offset voltage.

@yasserghozy6815 2 роки тому

always great content

@vencdee Місяць тому

Great video, one of best ever.

@smartgamersify 2 роки тому

The best video I've ever seen on UKposts for feedback cantrol system on UKposts.... Sir also teach us feedback oscillation theory... Damped, under-damped and over damped systems

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Puuuuhhh that is quite a lot😅

@prasadvasu8462 2 роки тому

Lol I have been collecting many of these hoping to make something with them. Thanks!

@peterwan7945 2 роки тому

i also love high-efficiency power supply, that is why I was planning to transit to GaN power supplies. however, there were too expensive to purchase a reputable brand's GaN supplies, at the end, I have to set it aside to wait for the deduction of price for GaN power supplies.

@Mohammad-_Asad_Haider 2 роки тому

10 days or so I was looking for the same ic on youtube to find a detailed video about it...what a coincidence that you chosse the same topic for your video. Edit:Thanks man

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

You are welcome👍

@Dinkleberg96 2 роки тому

This is starting repetitive to say but once again... awesome video as always! Love ur content so much! PS: U are using a Teensy and i would love u could take the time to make more projects with that. It's a powerfull microcontroller

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Thank you so much 😀

@wei48221 2 роки тому

Awesome as always.

@apegues 2 роки тому

Excellent printing from a southpaw… our writing/Printing is usually pretty bad, good on ya!

@ucantSQ 2 роки тому

Good find! And even better that you felt it was cool enough to feature in a video.

@ShahZahid 2 роки тому

electronoobs made a video on the same thing, this ic is really incredible, i have a handful laying around from a component kit, well ig ill put some of them to use, awesome video as always

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Thanks :-)

@pchaayeshanaik1922 2 роки тому

You explain really good🙂

@21degrees 2 роки тому

I like the 10-12 minute format of this video and I hope you will revisit crossover designs and high voltage for the eskate board and it will be successful. Cheers!

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Thanks and I will see what I can do :-)

@br1ckbr3ak3r 2 роки тому

Anyone else on youtube: Let's get started! Great Scott music starts playing in head

@captivator13 2 роки тому

I loved this video, thank you so much brother :)) Sam 🎵✌🏻

@Geniusinventor 2 роки тому

Wow man . It's a very good king ic I will make a low voltage cutoff safety for my diy battery bank . I love it

@greatscottlab 2 роки тому

Great 👍

@Geniusinventor 2 роки тому

🙌🙌

@demofilm 2 роки тому

tank you , very good instructions

@corynrobinson 2 роки тому

Power supply circuits are far from my area of expertise, so this was very informative

@larcomj 2 роки тому

cool video, i didnt know this component existed. THANKS

@M0XYM 2 роки тому

Regarding SMPS's - these often have EMC issues that designers overlook. Such issues can plague and pollute the radio frequency environment unless the designer has taken great care. I wondered if you could do a series of videos on these EMC issues?

@electronichaircut8801 2 роки тому

He already made one.

@user2C47 2 роки тому

And apparently some designers don't care at all. I have a Chinese power supply so bad that it can light an LED with just the noise. (Not even a complete circuit!)

@nicholasroos3627 2 роки тому

@@user2C47 If you don't have bearing on what countries EMC requirements you need to meet in which part of the world then, yes, it is a rather dubious task. I completely agree.....massive vent holes and poorly bonded gaps in chassis of most SMPS and the fact that a good number of current product designers aren't instructed on giving a shit to begin with does not help the situation. IE not a China issue.

@TravisFabel 2 роки тому

its now 24 days since you posted this vid, and it was only suggested to me now... even though I'm subscribed and have the bell on.

@coding_vlsi_vietnam 2 роки тому

Love this channel

@333tarot2 2 роки тому

Love your videos❤️❤️

@eddelrosario9381 2 роки тому

Good video. I hope you can have in your future video on whether it is possible to create an attachment to a Mini Inverter Welding Machine that will turn it into a spot welder for 18650.

@nicosyrjalainen1392 2 роки тому

What a coincidence. I'm just about to use this component in my LED project and could use a guide!

@pavan13 2 роки тому

Super informational video

@radarmusen 2 роки тому

First time i saw the TL431, was in a old radar where they was in series (25V) to replace some wierd old zenere tubes. It a very universal component.

@TheMainsheet 2 роки тому

The problem with most switch mode power supplies is that of Radio Frequency hash they produce that wreaks havoc with radio communications devices. These units can be filtered, however, that is an added expense that most manufacturers ignore and therefore dont implement.