Maybe I'm too dumb to understand, that doesn't make sense to me. If the travel is instantaneous, then there is no "first 0.1s" right ? Cause the travel time is 0s.

@@sergentmaso Math can be complicated, but that something to understand with how timers work. Hitscan are raycasts which are based on calculations, and if you will say add a delay timer of 100 milliseconds here, at some point since its under a second you can turn it into a projectile based. I believe it somehow similar as to how bullet travel loses their speed overtime, but in this case the bullet had a hyper speed for a fraction of a second and become normal after that. Probably the worse simplificaiton of the system, but maybe this helps.

@@Deliveredmean42 it does help a bit, I just don't get the 0.1s delay. To what would you apply the delay ? To me it only makes sense if : - OP mispoke and it would be "bullet is hitscan for x meters and then a projectile (most likely imo, and that's how I understood the "hybrid bullets" stuff from the get go) - game traces a line from the player, the bullet "travels" trought the line at a defined speed for 0.1s (I would guess modelised as a succession of points of said line switching from being unable to able to interract with the enemy's hitboxes, but I might be wrong) and then becoming a projectile with a hitbox of its own. But that would imply that the bullet travel would not be instatanious. Idk if I'm missing smt here, those are the two explainations my brain can come up with rn ^^

@@sergentmaso Hi, I'm no dev so I can't really go into detail, but if there were a gun that shot bullets with a projectile speed of 1000m/s, the first 100m of the bullet's travel is instant. It probably is hitscan, but it still follows precalculated projectile motion, with bullet drop and what not. Beyond that it's a projectile. I highly recommend checking out the talk, I'll link it if I find it

ukposts.info/have/v-deo/hJ19q6KEg5mYwqs.html here it is, apparently it's not hitscan!

The heavy is infact the worst case of this, as his minigun held at knee level

@@user-id9fh7qj5j I don't expect vr will replace all gaming, as it's quite nice to be aware of your surroundings while playing a game. It also isn't very suitable when you're playing together with friends in the same room.

even better is seige, where it comes from the scope

Hiding behind the cart on offense is one of those situations but i don't see many heavies use this tactic

@@user-id9fh7qj5j When you wear VR goggles, you can't really see your surroundings, since the goggles are covering your eyes. You can see the game around you, but you can't see your cat that decided it's a fantastic idea to take a nap right next to you when you can't see it. I think that even when we achieve full immersion, and by that, I mean being "inside" the game and being able to interact with it similarly to how you can with the real world, PC and console gaming will always be present. Like, walking around a fantasy world, swinging your sword at the opponents, being able to feel your weapon and whatever you hit with it is cool and all, but there's just no way it would eradicate "traditional" forms of gaming. The price of such technology is one of the reasons.

i kinda wish he did i love those long videos alot lol

I love how short it is too, but at the end of the video I was really hoping he would just keep going because I was just so interested lol

Why? He barely gave us any real content and hardly scratched the surface, or do you prefer tik took like some mouth breather? I demand answers

@@FutureBoyWonder why are u so mad about this?

@@FutureBoyWonder Why are so pressed lmao

Yeah another good example is rust you will notice that close up it is hit scan but when you are shooting far you have to acount to travel time

@@jaydengraham8303 Nah thats just because youre so close the travel time is miliseconds so it doesnt matter.

@@Andrew-xo6hl bruh look it up

@@ItsMeBarnaby oh nvm myb

Lol

@@Padlock_Steve oh no

@@Padlock_Steve Pretty sure that's kinda how it works. Grenade explodes; it draws a hurtbox and scans for any target within range-taking into account distance and in-world barriers that may negate or reduce the impact-then uses that data to decide the hit damage. I doubt explosions are commonly physics-based, even in modern games.

oh wow that's actually more clever than how I thought it would work

@@Padlock_Steve oh god no

When are u gonna upload again?

You are still alive

You upload an banger and disappear. Why? Does making one of those videos take a long time?

u ded?

New video whennn

Arma 3 is fucking crazy and I love it

Every time I watch one of these videos I'm reminded of how amazing arma is. And with the new engine Arma 4 will be much less clunky

And just vanilla Arma 3 has some amazing bullet penetration mechanics, too, as well as realistic-looking ricochets and travel simulation

Alternatively there's VR shooters like Onward

Yes that is a major problem in game like Hunt:Showdown for example, you take cover a lot in that game and you can often think you are in cover, then suddenly get head shot. The character also leans to the right when aiming so if you peek out of cover to the right you are far more visible than when you peek to the left, though I don't know if this is an issue with the body camera or just Crytek being incompetent.

@@Barnesofthenorth A mix of camera height and animation debugging issues I'd say. Leaning issues are usually not too bad if you expect to lean but if it's really that bad then there was probably not enough testing with regards to that !

I agree, but another disadvantage of chest level cameras is that they can make you seem shorter than you actually are, which could potentially reduce the immersion of a game

@@bottledpeanuts6846 I agree though it's not something that's usually very noticeable in classic FPSs ! In VR it's terrible though. There have been a couple FPSs where the camera was so low that it did break immersion though so it IS something to keep in mind.

I always thought the centered gun was just a stylistic choice, didn't realize it served a purpose

@@garbaj One of the supposed reasons why the weapon sprite was centered in Wolfenstein 3D and Doom is that these games didn't have a crosshair. The centered model helped you to visually line up shots.

Hitboxes and camera positions were actually 3D in Doom Engine. Collision boxes were 2D, though, so you could shoot over entities but not walk over them

@@midge_gender_solek3314 I thought Doom had auto-aim, by that I mean if you like shoot a rocket it's blast damage will also hit the ones like below and above it. Also, it's pretty weird only the enemies are the only one that has infinite height, while other things (like Keycards, Armor and other items) aren't that.

@@sunfl0wer_988 Are you sure those are not infinite height? Atleast explosions are, so are melee attacks. Though they use simple transform check, but it would be weird to write two different collision systems. Especially weird for Carmack to write such a thing, programmer who want to keep everything as simple as possible.

That seems kinda fun lol

as boring as Battlefield 5 is compared to some of its predecessors, it also happens to model backblast.

@@joelambert7128 in Squad, you always feel kinda cool and important when shooting a rocket launcher and always yelling "Clear backblast!" Makes the launcher itself feel powerful.

GTA 5 has hybrid bullets too. Its hard to notice because the range at which the bullets become projectiles is far more than most weapons can shoot in general. It only gets noticable if youre trying to shoot very fast moving object very far away (jet e.g.) with a sniper.

@@RealZSurvivalist You might want to check out a video called "HOW TO SNIPE JETS !? GTA V TUTORIAL" from "MetPro SOWC" here on youtube. He says and shows that sniper bullets are projectiles. This video in mind we could argue they are projectiles overall but he only talks about very long range shots and if you look at other sniper videos with closer fast moving objects they aim directly on target. Thats why i believe that sniper bullets are hybrids. And if sniper bullets are hybrids, every weapon (except stuff like grenade/rocket launchers of course, which are obviously projectiles, no matter what range) could be hybrids, you just never notice it because they cant shoot above the range at which sniper bullets become projectiles. But thats a wild guess by me and they are probably just hitscan.

The true endless challenge of online games there. Be it competitive play like arena shooters or upcoming mmo-ish games that want dying to have consequences. Nobody wants to lose due to taking a headshot when on their own screen they were clearly behind chonker of a concrete wall.

The innate unfairness of online multiplayer games in a nutshell. Best you can do is to counterattack those latencies with tactics.

Thank you for this comment. Ive argued dozens of times bullets magnetize on you at corners, because Ive seen this happen so many times. Its nice to understand the actual reason behind it. As a strategy Ive noticed if I continue to shoot into the corner even after I know the enemy is behind it, the game will often still give me the kill.

interesting, I didn't know that

@@garbaj I didn't know that either I had assumed only Halo 3 had "all projectile" and thought that every other game had hitscan, despite messing with the flag, i never noticed anything, GeneralKidd did a dive on the subject. Halo is a very unique game in how it solves some of those things. ukposts.info/have/v-deo/g6KZg6uapJCqxJ8.html

Makes sense that they use only projectiles as back in Halo 3 theater mode, you could 'pause' the gameplay and find the individual bullets of any gun fired. I imagine pausing and looking at a spartan lazer shot frozen in motion would mean looking at a projectile.

@@Cool20xis Funny thing you'd mention the spartan laser. Both the laser light and the beam itself are "projectiles" and what you see on screen is just the projectile tracer

so its hitscan but with extra steps?

@@FelineRaptor-gv4te man said fun fact like if this was known by at least someone else other than him

@@Alaxel55 sorry, imma delete him

I wouldn't necessarily say it takes significantly less math. Projectiles are typically just hitscanning from their position each frame - firing a ray that is equal to the distance they are going to travel, if the ray is unobstructed, they will then move to the end position of the ray. The only added calculation in such a case would be changing the transform properties.

@@CamoflaugeDinosaue @K I suppose what I meant by significant less is that the hitscan ray only makes one check, whereas a projectile continually makes checks until it is despawned. A very simple hitscan ray makes one check when spawned, then despawns once it hits a target, object, etc (where it makes another check to determine damage/decals/etc). A projectile that has to make that check every frame is far more weight on the system, as it is doing math every frame it is in flight.

@@SpecialAgentCake yeah it's definitely true that over time it would make more calculations on average. My comment was based on the fact that most game devs would really only care about per-frame calculations. It's true something that takes multiple frames to complete has a greater overall footprint, but the only time that would matter would be in events that are rare and very calculation intensive - such that if multiple overlapped they could cause a frame drop. Bullets in a shooter certainly shouldn't fall under this category

@@CamoflaugeDinosaue imagine you have 30 players or NPCs and each shot automatic weapons, each shooting 5 bullets/s and bullets travel 3 seconds, that means that at any given time there should be 30x5x3 checks to be made every frame, at least 15 times more than just using just hitscan bullets. Besides that projectiles don't do just hitscan between frames, they also simulate physics, update position, spawn and despawn effects.

@@euunul this is the maximized usage assumption that, while unrealistic in any practical sense, is nonetheless typically something that you want to consider. If there are 30 players, it actually will be quite rare that even 2 of them fire in the same frame. Then there is the question of how long it remains, in most cases a 3 second hangtime will only be on the very very very longest of shots. You'll find that even with a very high amount of units, the amount of projectiles in the scene at any given time usually stays pretty low unless you're doing unorthodox stuff. If it's using the physics engine, it doesn't need to update movement, and it only needs the physics engine if it plans on not despawning itself on collision. All in all, any shooter should be able to handle a stress test of many many more projectiles than are going to be used in any practical situation. Safe to say, a projectile that is well designed will never be a source of frame drops for you.

The whole raycasting to compensate for muzzle offset thing has always concerned me as an implementation. Most games that go for muzzle-spawned bullets tend to be heavier on simulation focus, so usually use projectile bullets. Which makes me worried, how does the raycast compensate for leading a target? If the wall behind the target is a few hundred meters back, the trajectory would be angled to hit that point in space instead of where you're actually trying to shoot. The ray can't tell what depth you're firing at, or which of the several enemies near your crosshair you're specifically trying to lead, so how could it compensate when it doesn't know your intent?

@@cynthius6567 I think the point is that raycasting is great for NOT leading your target and getting instant feedback. This is why some games use hybrid bullets where they're raycast for a certain distance (instantly), and if it hasn't hit anything it spawns a projectile with velocity/travel time, bullet drop, etc This also saves calculations/bandwidth by reducing or removing the need for projectile simulations in close-range encounters.

@@cynthius6567 I agree... which is part of why iron sights/scopes are actually really valuable. If you're shooting at something far enough away that leading and drop are important, you're likely to use the sights, and then the camera is almost directly behind the muzzle and there's no need to cast a ray. Like on a real gun, the player needs to adjust and aim an inch or two above their target.

I am sorry, but what?? In what world, engine, library or GPU architecture? Can you please give a concrete example of where you can do this? Genuinely interested.

@@R4venshore most of hitscans are using raycast (we will not talk about pixel color under the crosshair checks here). I'm not sure how many engines use this type of rays, but ones I worked with are using Vector coordinate which determines where ray will end. OF course you can dynamically redefine this coordinate to make ray longer over time. Let's imagine simple 2d ray on XY coordinates where -Y will be UP. Casting ray from (0,0) to (.1,0). We will have straight line. Then increase X coordinate by .1 each frame (yes it will be FPS dependent and this is bad, but we are talking about simple example). Now our bullet moves forward in a straight line. If we add Y coordinate to our calculations and add (.1, .01) each frame - bullet will start falling DOWN as well. Ray itself will be straight of course, but bullet's path will become an curve. But there will be a chance that something intersect that ray between cast point and our end point, which is good for beams but bad for bullets. That's why you don't change the end coordinate, you just rewrite raycast global position each frame. It will travel just like a bullet. So you will have basically collision based shooting, but without collider. Will save up some frames if you have thousands of projectiles flying and you still want them to have some physics. Of course if you want simple hitscan without travel time or gravity - just determine maximum shooting range and cast your ray there as soon as shot was fired. If you really need the thing I described here - another topic. But it is existent option =)

@@DeusAlgor I understand the math on how to make the calculation for a trajectory. All I am saying is that I have never see this being and option with rays anywhere. Ray casts ( from what I've seen ) , as a ready tool provided by game dev engines are the same - it's an infinity vector that has origin and direction and the whole travel happens within a single frame / tick. If there is anything else, it might be a custom tool/library for a private engine I've never seen, like Frostbite or something like that.

@@R4venshore limited range rays are a thing in a Godot and yes, in a private engine I had access to, also I'm pretty sure that Dagor engine (WarThunder) used something similar before (this or they've used material dot collider). And you can limit distance for the rays in the Unity. Not sure about UE.

@@DeusAlgor Yes, that's the only thing you can do in Unity, there is no other instrument for trajectory or bending or slowing them / over time processing, they are all instant.

I keep hearing about how realistic arma 3 is, and I'm interested but also slightly terrified

​@@garbaj It's actually not too bad thankfully, infact even the offical servers run more relaxed gamemodes you'd usually find in more arcadey games like KOTH. Takes a little bit to get used to though of course!

@@garbaj - with mods, things (can) get even more involved. With ACE Advanced ballistics, the twist of the barrel, length of the barrel, coriolis force, wind, drag on the projectile... are all considered as well. Because that stuff only becomes mega important over 1km distance though, it is possible to set it to only affect weapons with specific (read: sniper) sights, mortars and artillery pieces - because it would make the server struggle (even more) to manage if it was affecting a normal rifle on full-auto. (When things get too heavy, I have noticed machine guns losing fire-rate because of server framerate dropping!).

The Ghost Recon community has been clamoring for this feature.

@@Draliseth sadly, ghost recon has to much of a player ase on console for Ubisoft to add anything that might effect performance to it. For example, especially realistic ballistics and zero distances.

If I remember correctly Rising Storm: Vietnam and Arma 3 have similar indicators.

​@@lemons1559 also in Metal Gear Solid Ground Zeroes and 5

The bullets might come out of the camera but the camera is not located in the head in hunt showdown. There are some walls around a graveyard near Blanchett graves that when you crouch behind them you can’t see but almost your entire head appears over the top of the wall. That seems to indicate the camera is somewhere below the head, maybe bottom of the neck or shoulder level possibly as a measure against head glitching

Mini guns in GTA have the same issue. They can visually shoot straight through cars because the actual billets are hitscan from your face. But visually, the mini gun on your hip is ripping through the waist high cover in front of you.

This is how it works in Arma for bullet-type projectiles. Though that game has multiple projectile types in the simulation.

hitscan and projectile aren't mutually exclusive or oppsites. you can "hitscan" before a projectile-hit is confirmed to client/player. and you can have "projectiles" without travel time.

sounds like a good idea

Super frustrating when you have a shot lined up and you hit the window bars. I want to punch the person that made those exactly barrel height.

I didn't either until very recently

@Can't Remember while projectile from barrel is factually right, projectile form the camera feels better and realer

@Can't Remember Wow, I didn't know that too lol

@@garbaj Oh Glad I am not the only one lol

Gunther wouldnt like it either, he wants his skul-gun to work as intended... and his lemon-lime soda to not be orange...

Does that mean if you back up against a wall your bullets will hit the wall?

@@MGSLurmey i'm pretty sure that case is taken care of cause i've never seen it happen in game

That's pretty much what is meant by projectile-based already, just with more fidelity.

I remember the complaining on that video's comment section about how Soldier has built in cheats.

Ultimately, the choice between face-bullets and gun-bullets is whether you want them to look correct to the shooter or someone watching them. In this way, I'd argue face-bullets are always the better choice in single player games (unless the game is specifically meant to provide a hyper-realistic experience rather than a regular FPS) since you out care about what the shooter sees. It's very difficult to prioritize what a shooter sees in a multiplayer game, though. Either the camera is at gun level, making everything look too tall, the bullets appear to clip through objects from someone's perspective, or bullets hit things that they look like they shouldn't. Methods that avoid all 3 involve doing weird stuff with your reticle or making complex calculations to guarantee all players' guns are always in a position that they could feasibly shoot the thing in the reticle. The first one feels gross to play with if it's a game with a lot of cover or is slower-paced. The second can use a lot of processing power for servers to track and report back to every player, and it's likely to do some really janky stuff in certain edge cases. The only real upside is that in games that are fast-paced and have limited cover, the way you handle the projectiles matters a lot less since people won't often come into contact with the situations that cause trouble or notice it when they do

The easiest way to sidestep the crosshair issue is to not have a crosshair. Squad does this pretty well.

@@risingSisyphus To avoid a problem, avoid the things that create that problem - me

@@risingSisyphus THIS. Having no "virtual" interface and having in-game items communicate health, map, aim, is so immersive...

Gameplay over realism. you are holding a mouse. There are zero benefits to having them come out of the gun. Only detriments.

lol

I dont remember which game does it but when your weapon model is blocked your reticle is greyed out.

@@Chevifier I know that fortnite does it I’m pretty sure

at least let the character cut their nails, like those are some serious bulldozer buckets.

Well as said in the video, lowering the camera prevents cheating so its more fair like this. If the camera was on the head you could shoot behind cover very easily but the enemy would have a hard time hitting you

Battlefield avoids this by having the bullet spawn from the weapon height, but centered on the camera. You avoid the wall weirdness like PUBG but prevent head glitching. Since Battlefield is using physical projectiles as well, the guns are zeroed at a distance where the bullet rises up to the crosshair height and then drops ballistically. For sniper rifles you can actually change that distance.

@@ccg_jsefj4256 if an enemy peaks from behind cover he still has to expose his head, and how much of it is exposed depends on map design. It's entirely up to the devs how much impact they want the cover to have.

most games just caryr over what they normally use. so for arma 3, insurgency, etc the bullet exits from the barrel. for csgo, it exits the crosshair. however i remember playing a game where using iron sights of a rifle meant that you'd shoot with no bullet drop (not hitscan mind you) but with a scope there was drop just like normal. weird mechanic.

Only an issue if you make the bullet fly in a straight path, unlike what they do in real life. Optics are set for a specific distance, you can aim above or under your target to adjust for distance (yes, some optics are adjustable easily, just not in the time frame of fps gun battles)

Far easier to simply shoot the bullet from the point of the reticle. It would be extremely frustrating otherwise. “Easy” solution to this in my opinion is to not allow bullets to land where the reticle is if the end of the barrel is obstructed. If the barrel is clear, then fire the projectile where the cross hair is located. Pubg does this partially like explained in the video. But pubg is a clunky disaster of a game.

@@TheBanjoShowOfficial it would be frustrating if you're incapable of figuring out that your bullet exits the barrel and not the optic. but it comes down to what type of game youre playing. more arcadey games like CoD, r6s, csgo and bf4 use reticle aiming, while more realistic shooters like arma 3, squad, insurgency and eft use height over bore aiming where the bullet exits the barrel.

*he/she

Does the game spawn bullets from between the eyes? Or from the barrel of the gun?

Apex legends doesn't use hitscan weapons, so that's why there's bullet drop. From what I know it isn't possible to have bullet drop on a hitscan bullet

If fast moving bullets are buggy then I'd imagine the bullet would use ray casts, but it would do one each frame, starting from the end of the last ray cast but each time the angle is lower giving it that bullet drop curve effect.

I program the bullets with raycast, for example if the bullet has a speed of 600 meters per second, I apply a raycast distance of at least 15 meters, I have not had any problems to date, and thus I place the bullets that come out from the tip of the gun barrel, if you want to increase the speed of the bullet for example to 1200 meters per second, then double the distance of the raycast to 30 meters

It’s important to note that just cause a bullet is “projectile” doesn’t mean it uses physics, just that it moves over time. In many games they essentially use a ray cast that curves down, and then the bullet moves along that path.

To simulate the physical bullet or the body of the bullet, place 2 planes with a scale the size of the distance of the raycast towards the axis where the raycast hits, and scale the other axes, place a material with a muzzle flash texture shaped round

I would like to know how it behaves

hey i got a question. in insurgency: sandstorm, the bullets come out of the barrel, right? so how do they travel straight if they must go towards the center of your screen from the side of the screen? wouldnt hip firing mean that at some point, the bullet goes beyond the center of the screen, to the left side of the screen? sorry if my question is unclear, it something ive always thought of and i hoped this video would cover it.

@@ludicrouS_406 Basically, what would be the first 0.1 seconds of bullet travel time is "Pre-sim" and that acts as the hitscan portion of the hybrid (which does factor in things such as gravity, but that very rarely comes into play). If it doesn't hit anything during that pre-sim, it goes into full simulation at that point.

@@nooanieminen1100 Sort of. Bullets come out the barrel when you are not aiming down sights. But when you go into ADS, then thats when the bullets come out the eyes.

@@vagabond479 so what youre saying is that when you fire from the hip, bullets will go toward the left side of the screen, rather than somehow going straight to the center? this has been hurting my brain for a while so ty