Tools to Enhance Working Memory & Attention

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Andrew Huberman

Andrew Huberman

День тому

In this episode, I discuss working memory, which is critical for learning and productivity, strategy setting, goal seeking, and navigating new environments. I explain the key role of dopamine and the biological mechanisms underlying working memory and how working memory differs from both short- and long-term memory.
I also describe science-supported tools to enhance working memory and attention-including zero- or low-cost behavioral, supplemental and pharmacologic approaches. I include how to assess your working memory and how to use memory tasks to determine your baseline dopamine levels in certain brain circuits.
This episode provides listeners with highly actionable tools to assess and improve their attention to specific tasks and task-switching capacity and to enhance their overall productivity.
Thank you to our sponsors
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Social & Website
Instagram: / hubermanlab
Threads: www.threads.net/@hubermanlab
Twitter: / hubermanlab
Facebook: / hubermanlab
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LinkedIn: / andrew-huberman
Website: www.hubermanlab.com
Newsletter: www.hubermanlab.com/newsletter
Journal Articles
Working Memory Capacity Predicts Dopamine Synthesis Capacity in the Human Striatum: bit.ly/3UjmP4z
Inverted-U-Shaped Dopamine Actions on Human Working Memory and Cognitive Control: bit.ly/3UdfWBP
Cognitive Deficit Caused by Regional Depletion of Dopamine in Prefrontal Cortex of Rhesus Monkey: bit.ly/49g3yW5
The dopamine agonist bromocriptine differentially affects fronto-striatal functional connectivity during working memory: bit.ly/3SyMjcY
Increased dopamine tone during meditation-induced change of consciousness: bit.ly/3QDfE53
Human physiological responses to immersion into water of different temperatures: bit.ly/3HCniHC
The Effect of Binaural Beats on Visuospatial Working Memory and Cortical Connectivity: bit.ly/3SAFuHT
Tyrosine Improves Working Memory in a Multitasking Environment: bit.ly/48QQjv8
Resources
NSDR: • Playlist
The Science & Use of Cold Exposure for Health & Performance: go.hubermanlab.com/wqrjXIsYYT
Huberman Lab Episodes Mentioned
Understand & Improve Memory Using Science-Based Tools: go.hubermanlab.com/miohHKRSYT
ADHD & How Anyone Can Improve Their Focus: go.hubermanlab.com/XReodaB9YT
Adderall, Stimulants & Modafinil for ADHD: Short- & Long-Term Effects: go.hubermanlab.com/VS83tuCgYT
Leverage Dopamine to Overcome Procrastination & Optimize Effort: go.hubermanlab.com/LgeyAbznYT
Controlling Your Dopamine For Motivation, Focus & Satisfaction: go.hubermanlab.com/WMwb80NkYT
People Mentioned
Donald Hebb: Psychologist, influential contributions to understanding of learning: bit.ly/4bbhXEx
Mark D’Esposito: Psychology Professor at the University of California, Berkeley: bit.ly/3vRcFhj
Timestamps
00:00:00 Working Memory
00:01:12 Sponsors: Mateina, BetterHelp & Helix Sleep
00:05:00 Short- vs. Long-Term Memory
00:09:59 Neuroplasticity
00:15:42 Working Memory; Attention & Focus
00:20:04 Working Memory Test
00:25:35 Sponsor: AG1
00:27:02 Brain & Working Memory; Dopamine
00:36:13 Working Memory Capacity Test
00:44:37 Increasing Dopamine & Working Memory
00:49:26 Task Switching, Distractions
00:54:42 Sponsor: LMNT
00:56:04 Tool: Yoga Nidra, Non-Sleep Deep Rest (NSDR) & Dopamine
01:03:08 Tool: Deliberate Cold Exposure & Dopamine
01:11:02 Tool: Working Memory & Binaural Beats
01:15:23 Supplements to Increase Dopamine: L-Tyrosine, Mucuna Pruriens
01:22:53 Dopamine Prescriptions, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
01:29:12 Zero-Cost Support, Spotify & Apple Reviews, UKposts Feedback, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter
#HubermanLab #Science #Memory
Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac - www.blabacphoto.com
Disclaimer: hubermanlab.com/disclaimer

КОМЕНТАРІ: 858
@larknoone565
@larknoone565 3 місяці тому
Your episode entitled 'How To Increase Willpower and Tenacity" inspired me like nothing else in my life! I watched it at the first week of 2024 while struggling in all fronts in my life and having no energy to fight. Something deep inside me changed forever.. Literally I am a different person and I've been succeeding in achieving my behavioral goals and working hard to a degree I can't even believe.. Your effort in sharing knowledge saved my life and changed my destiny and actually my family destiny for the better.. I am deeply thankful.. You've been a lifesaver.
@juicebox86
@juicebox86 3 місяці тому
One of thousands of stories that are the same. He is truly a gift.
@nevastrong2850
@nevastrong2850 2 місяці тому
Thanks for your posting. While built a very successful career the past 28 years & taking a step back, it’s as if I have lists of goals then two weeks go by. I re-write them yet it is as if I have a blank disappearing walkway I cross and it’s the next day that I realize “oh, where did I go?”
@d.dimitrov8972
@d.dimitrov8972 2 місяці тому
Great to hear others have benefited as well from these podcasts. It is very unlikely that he has posted anyting that cannot benefit anyone majorly in life
@malepeche
@malepeche 2 місяці тому
I'm reading this while enjoying "my early on the day" sun routine 😊
@nelly_008
@nelly_008 2 місяці тому
@@juicebox86love 😅❤❤❤❤/❤❤xe w
@communication4286
@communication4286 3 місяці тому
I worked for over 20 years as a simultaneous interpreter at international conferences. We had a 3-phase effort to make -(1) Listen then (2)retain information long enough to (3) translate the gist then reformulate it into decent English or French or Russian whatever language the target language was. I think that effort required working memory. I knew many people who were excellent linguists and who could translate written documents but who couldn't interpret. Simultaneous interpretation was something you simply could or couldn't do. I think your talk sheds significant light on this. Also NSDR or Yoga Nidra is a particular hack we used to get into the flow. and be clear-headed when we went back into our booths. It was more useful than coffee to focus. So maybe it does replenish the dopamine needed. Back in the day when I was working we didn't talk about dopamine and brain studies. So ... Thank You for this fascinating talk. It explains a lot.
@jwkelley
@jwkelley 3 місяці тому
Isn't there a video out there of an interpreter collapsing because they were forced to interpret for hours on end with no break?
@BrewmasterN8
@BrewmasterN8 3 місяці тому
Very cool comment. Good connection of conversation. I am curious how much trouble has been a result of mistranslation 😂 any insights?
@paulaCvenecia
@paulaCvenecia 3 місяці тому
😮😯... Do you have a course on this? ..
@olegshabarkin9447
@olegshabarkin9447 3 місяці тому
Much respect to the interpreters. Thank you very much for your comment. I believe we are discussing consecutive rather than simultaneous interpreting with regard to a working memory usage. Both types of language work are quite intense. Consecutive translation requires strong working memory skills (the need to hold chunks of information in working memory, process them and offload them correctly to the second language). Simultaneous translation is all about speed of processing the "incoming and outgoing flow" of speech (I would say less memory, higher processing speed). Thank you
@communication4286
@communication4286 3 місяці тому
@@olegshabarkin9447 I agrée - consecutive interpreting requires different skill set and they even take notes. So I suppose there is a line drawn between the different kind of memories involved. In simultaneous it can be a challenge to remember the full sentence especially when going from long words, long sentence (German) into short words and short sentences (English). From Mandarin to English there are 3 interpreters at times…
@J-KOB99
@J-KOB99 3 місяці тому
I like that, mr. Huberman understands, that some ppl are watching it at 2AM and he keeps "dark theme" of the video :D Thankful for that little thing, not many ppl are paying attention too.
@SasukeUchiha-di1zl
@SasukeUchiha-di1zl 3 місяці тому
​@@ArthurDavidConneryour absolutely right bruh
@J-KOB99
@J-KOB99 2 місяці тому
@@ArthurDavidConner there are still ppl who cant sleep, are not able to sleep. Yes, ppl who willingly choose not to sleep to browse are here too, but i was speaking on the behalf of the ppl who are not able to sleep... I hope less and less ppl Will stay up that late and Will have good night sleep, but still - those ppl are and i am thankful for that choice of background and color (the voice too, mr HuberMan actually helps me Fall sleep, but in a good way, i love listening to him)
@user-hujuser1
@user-hujuser1 3 місяці тому
This episod's duration is 1,5 hour: good for working memory and attention😅
@stevenfaulkenberry5156
@stevenfaulkenberry5156 3 місяці тому
I listen to Rogan so much I can’t distinguish if you’re being sarcastic 🤟
@wojteksocha2002
@wojteksocha2002 3 місяці тому
As always because Andrew knows what he's doing
@Unity536
@Unity536 3 місяці тому
Even if it's longer, you could still write it down. External memory lol.
@RanjakarPatel
@RanjakarPatel 3 місяці тому
Yes. I no enjoi. But he try his best his branes and four this I am so proud.
@Mikemuzeau
@Mikemuzeau 3 місяці тому
Seriously 😂😂😊
@nehapandey8686
@nehapandey8686 3 місяці тому
Huberman Mondays are the best kind….awaited episode…much needed clarity…obviously awesome
@Goose____
@Goose____ 3 місяці тому
Man, it suprises me that i can hold my attention for 1hr+ in these episodes lol, definetely shows how well can Dr. Huberman explain information that will certainly help me in my daily life. thank you for everything you did/are doing for us, you're truly changing lives with this podcast
@cristinas737
@cristinas737 3 місяці тому
right lol me too!
@Life_through_the_lens_of_brett
@Life_through_the_lens_of_brett 3 місяці тому
Dude same. I can listen to a 3 hour podcast from him and the whole time I’m just so into it. Anything else give me 20 mins and I’m thinking about something else 😅
@Dux_Sux
@Dux_Sux 3 місяці тому
This comment is sponsored by AG1
@peacefullymel
@peacefullymel 3 місяці тому
Learning to better control my focus and attention is my goal for 2024. I really appreciated this episode, especially the working memory tests. I had an epiphany after the second test, as I realized my working memory, when I'm truly engaged, is incredibly high; however, my lack of discipline with my focus is by far the bigger challenge. At least now I have tools to help myself improve! Thanks, Dr. Huberman!
@dameanvil
@dameanvil 3 місяці тому
00:14 🧠 Working memory is a special category of memory crucial for learning, productivity, focus, and attention. 00:41 🧬 The discussion will cover what working memory is, its underlying biology, and tools to enhance it, accessible to all audiences. 01:09 🎙 The podcast emphasizes bringing science-related information and tools to the general public at zero cost, thanks to sponsors like Matina. 05:05 🧠 Working memory is compared to long-term memory, emphasizing the role of the hippocampus in forming and storing long-term memories. 07:17 📚 Short-term memory acts as a temporary storage bank for information, and only a fraction of it gets passed into long-term memory. 10:05 🔄 Neuroplasticity, the nervous system's ability to change in response to experience, involves forms like long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). 14:01 🧠 Neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons, occurs in the adult brain but is a less significant mechanism for memory compared to other forms of neuroplasticity. 16:07 🔄 Working memory involves a neural circuit running an algorithm for different information, intentionally discarding it after use. 18:29 🌐 Working memory is crucial for sequencing daily activities, allowing individuals to perform actions without committing them to long-term or short-term memory. 18:58 🧠 Working memory is crucial for navigating immediate environments, and it closely ties to attention at both neural circuit and neurochemical levels. 19:40 🚀 Challenges with attention, focus, or working memory make daily life difficult, emphasizing the importance of robust attention and working memory. 21:01 🧠 The working memory test involves recalling series of letters, providing insight into baseline working memory capacity. 27:13 🧊 The prefrontal cortex and dopamine play a key role in working memory, with dopamine levels strongly influencing working memory capacity. 30:31 🚧 Increasing dopamine doesn't always lead to improved working memory; specific criteria determine its impact on working memory performance. 32:22 📊 Dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex correlate with working memory span, influencing the ability to remember and process information. 36:20 📝 The working memory task provided can offer insight into individual working memory capacity, potentially reflecting dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex. 38:40 🧠 Working memory varies among individuals, with some having a short span and others a high span, linked to dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex. 39:35 📚 Increasing dopamine doesn't always enhance working memory; individuals with initially high working memory can experience performance degradation with further dopamine increase. 41:50 🤔 A working memory task reveals the distribution of working memory spans; recalling 3 to 6 final words categorizes as high span, while 0 to 2 indicates a low span. 43:56 🧐 Short working memory span correlates with lower dopamine, while a high span correlates with increased dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. 47:08 🔄 Increasing dopamine through bromocriptine improves working memory for those with initially low dopamine, but high-span individuals may experience a decrease with high doses. 52:40 🎯 Dopamine plays a crucial role in task switching and eliminating distractions in working memory, impacting attention and focus in daily life. 54:16 🍹 Behavioral tools, like non-sleep deep rest (nsdr), can increase dopamine levels and potentially enhance working memory, offering a non-pharmacological approach. 57:08 💤 Non-sleep deep rest (nsdr), specifically Yoga Nidra, is a potential tool for increasing dopamine and improving working memory, providing a behavioral approach. 58:35 🧠 Yoga Nidra and Non-Sleep Deep Rest (NSDR) can increase dopamine levels in the brain by as much as 60%, as shown in a study comparing dopamine levels before and after a Yoga Nidra session. 01:00:09 ❓ NSDR and Yoga Nidra may improve cognitive performance, especially in tasks involving working memory, based on various studies exploring the effects of these protocols in different contexts. 01:01:56 🌬 Deliberate cold exposure, such as cold showers or plunges, can significantly increase circulating dopamine levels, potentially enhancing focus and reducing the need for caffeine to maintain alertness. 01:05:50 🚿 Taking a cold shower 30 to 60 minutes before engaging in tasks requiring increased focus or working memory could be an effective, zero-cost behavioral tool to boost dopamine levels. 01:11:40 🎧 Binaural beats, particularly 40 Hz and 15 Hz frequencies, have shown small to moderate improvements in working memory performance, making them a potential non-pharmacologic tool for cognitive enhancement. 01:15:51 💊 Over-the-counter supplements like L-tyrosine and Mucuna pruriens, known to increase dopamine levels, could be considered as potential tools to enhance working memory, based on their biochemical role in dopamine production. 01:16:48 🧠 El tyrosine supplementation can increase dopamine and has been shown to improve working memory in multitasking environments. 01:17:29 🤔 A study suggests El tyrosine improves working memory significantly, but the dosage used (150 mg/kg) is extremely high and may not be advisable for replication. 01:19:29 💊 When considering El tyrosine supplementation, start with the minimal effective dose and be mindful of potential crashes in alertness that some individuals may experience. 01:21:43 🚨 People should never add or remove any supplement without consulting a healthcare provider first. Some physicians may be open to discussing supplements like El tyrosine. 01:21:58 💡 To find a suitable dosage for El tyrosine, consider starting with a minimal effective dose based on body weight and observe effects on working memory, attention, and performance. 01:22:44 🚑 Munapurolines (Muna Pines) and prescription drugs like L-Dopa and bromocriptine can increase dopamine levels. Consult with a healthcare provider before considering such options. 01:23:58 🧪 Munapurolines, similar to L-Dopa, can be considered a bridge between over-the-counter supplements and prescription drugs to increase dopamine. 01:26:57 🌐 Individuals with challenges in focus, attention, and working memory may benefit from both behavioral tools and prescription drugs, but there is a case for non-pharmacological approaches as well.
@amandamate9117
@amandamate9117 3 місяці тому
L-Tyrosine is not recommended for people with overworking thyroids (hyperthyroidism). L-tyrosine is an amino acid that is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. It is a precursor to the production of thyroglobulin
@silviaengelhardt7371
@silviaengelhardt7371 3 місяці тому
Thank you so much!
@bishopoftroy
@bishopoftroy 2 місяці тому
you`re my hero !
@nevastrong2850
@nevastrong2850 2 місяці тому
Your notes are amazing. I downloaded podcast to listen later. I am overwhelmed by the notes. I have always wondered how actors or people giving speeches can remember their lines; yet I can remember song lyrics from the 80s even if I haven’t heard the song in years. 😊
@ZmOd10
@ZmOd10 2 місяці тому
ty i love you
@marshad.9149
@marshad.9149 3 місяці тому
My late father would have enjoyed listening to you so much. I listen in his honor. 😊
@nainasharma3584
@nainasharma3584 20 днів тому
May your father rest in peace 🕊️
@AmbientAuteur
@AmbientAuteur 3 місяці тому
Wow! ThankU Dr.! The episode I've been waiting for all my ADHD life. My working memory severely impacted by audio discrimination, and some residual dyslexia.Working memory impairment severely impacts quality of life. You are saving lives, helping families.
@musayildiz34
@musayildiz34 3 місяці тому
Beautiful ❤
@samueltucker8473
@samueltucker8473 3 місяці тому
How many of us are enriched from these works. Much gratitude here for the good teachings.
@GOD999MODE
@GOD999MODE 3 місяці тому
Always looking forward to the next topic from Huberman. As someone who's unemployed at the moment, trying to get their health and focus in life back, all these pods are incredibly helpful. Even if its something I already know, the reinforcement alone is encouraging and motivating.
@mightymoon420
@mightymoon420 3 місяці тому
Hello Dr. Huberman, just want to say you are doing a great job with these series. I am a ux designer and such podcasts helps me grow substantially. May I know if you will be doing more series in deep psychology and therapies like CBT + REBT? Thank you for your existence ❤
@sorsha_sky
@sorsha_sky 3 місяці тому
Thank you for this episode Dr. Huberman! Even though I have ADHD it is difficult to focus on what you are saying, I watch your episodes in small chunks throughout the week and they are so so very helpful to me. 💞
@sai23shinobi
@sai23shinobi 3 місяці тому
In 2019 at 43, I had multiple strokes (cause unknown) in my cerebellum and close to my brain stem. I use to be a fast thinker, talker, and was great at multitasking…now I struggle, my memory is shot to hell, and have difficulty focusing and remembering what I read! I’ve been searching for ways to get some of what I lost back, & I really needed to find this information, THANK YOU!
@seanxj22
@seanxj22 3 місяці тому
Dr. Huberman - thank so much for providing this to the masses, truly a gift. I would love a video or series about the taking care of our skin. I have Hidradenitis Suppurativa and there is so much out there about what's good and bad, I know it would be a great help to everyone and myself to have some clear guidance on how to better care for our skin. Thank you for everything you do!
@user-mg9si5bt1r
@user-mg9si5bt1r 3 місяці тому
I second this. I have stage 3 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) and other than medications with side effects the only other advice is “lose weight” but don’t sweat because that will irritate your skin causing more “flares” (boils). There is a community of us suffering in silence. It’s debilitating. It’s devastating to know there’s no cure and only progresses. There is a lot of shame too. It causes depression in most of us, especially when we don’t have a good support system. My specific questions would be: 1. What actually causes it and/or what is actually happening in my body when I “flare”? I’ve been told sluggish lymph, clogged sweat glands, damaged hair follicles, high stress/cortisol/inflammation, it’s not your skin it’s your gut, it’s poor hygiene, it’s when you sweat and your skin rubs together pushing bacteria in your skin, it’s high sugar, it’s high insulin, it’s tied to your hormones/monthly cycle, etc. I’d like to actually understand it and why my body is doing this. 2. Food that help? Foods to avoid that actually may contribute to the flares? I’ve been told to avoid brewers yeast, dairy, sugar/carbs, wheat/gluten, fruit, red meat, nightshade vegetables, and spices/spicy foods. I’ve done that for months at a time with little effect on my flares. Very frustrating after being extremely restrictive. 3. Is sauna ok if I shower/rinse off after? Any special protocol for sauna use with HS? 4. Cold showers do seem to help sometimes? Any connection there and/or a protocol specifically for HS? 5. I heard once our skin is a reflection of the inside of our gut. Is that true? How could I find out what my gut needs to heal my skin? 6. Supplements that might help? I’ve been told Zinc, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Tumeric, Dandelion Root/Tea, Green Tea, etc. 7. Topical things to try? Epsom salt baths? Bleach baths? Manuka Honey-real or scam? 8. Does surgery actually work? Jury still out among Doctors on that too. The surgery is extensive- it’s skin grafting a fairly large area (I.e. the armpit). 9. Exercise. It’s a double edged sword. Sweat makes the flares worse, keeping body weight down helps the disease from progressing. It’s like nature’s cruel joke. Exercise with active HS flares (most often they occur in the armpit/groin areas) is terribly painful. I guess I’d like to know what exercise would give me the most bang for my buck with HS? The things I’ve mentioned above came from Doctors, Dermatologists, and other specialists I’ve encountered, not Dr. Google (to be clear). So I suspect many of us with this disease are being told the same things. ANY small amount of information that would give us some direction would be a God send. It would give us hope. Thank-you for everything you do and sharing your knowledge and love of science with the world. You are making a difference.
@Joelina456
@Joelina456 3 місяці тому
I find any and all processes to do with the wonders of our brains so fascinating. Thanks for putting it into understandable language and insightful learnings! A fantastic episode as always 🙂
@Ashby93
@Ashby93 3 місяці тому
The working memory tests in this episode were a fun way to "interact" with the knowledge you were sharing. It would be fantastic to see more of this in future episodes- little tests/challenges for us to try as we're listening along.
@XgiliX
@XgiliX 3 місяці тому
Dr. Huberman, you really hit the nail on the head with this topic! I'm a development engineer. I'm 32 and I've had for the last 5 years a problem with concentration and focusing on my work. Even though I get things done, I struggle a lot while doing them and get distracted very easily. I only watched 23 minutes of this video but I already know it's going to help me A LOT! I'm taking notes and I'll do some research about the topics you talk about. Thank you so much and greetings from Germany! ✌🏼
@pennscyclingschool
@pennscyclingschool 3 місяці тому
Thank you so much for this episode. I am a teacher for students with disabilities and I’ve worked with students with TBI learning disabilities, ADHD and intellectual disabilities. The way you explained the way the medication works was very informative. Thank you so much!
@evareynolds1277
@evareynolds1277 3 місяці тому
I’m in college after a 25 year hiatus. I needed this episode. Also, I’m so glad I found your podcast. It feeds my super curious mind and I get to learn so much. (And the ability to trust the information you’re putting out. 🙌🏻) Thank you!
@RosbiQ
@RosbiQ 3 місяці тому
Great work, Dr. Huberman. Your work is benefiting many of us. Thank you very much with all my heart, PLEASE DO A VIDEO ON AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. Many of us are suffering and the number is only growing. Thank you in advance.
@TheCamilaM
@TheCamilaM 3 місяці тому
I took a test last month! It is exactly like this. Also, one of the tests had numbers and letters and we had to reorganize them (no pen and paper!). I am volunteer in some researches at the University in my city! I'm doing my little part for science too 😊
@lukaszpatman6936
@lukaszpatman6936 3 місяці тому
I really missed those kind of topics! Thank you Andrew for getting back to the core!
@Vaibhavmaurya606
@Vaibhavmaurya606 3 місяці тому
I will be totally honest the starting part 100% reminded me of my high school days where we have to learn biology if I am not wrong then sir this is definitely 3 to 4 day lecture in normal classes or universities which you have summarized in one video it's amazing
@Mahdi-jk8ke
@Mahdi-jk8ke 3 місяці тому
I really appreciate your work, thank you a lot. I would love to see you doing an episode about idleness and how it’s caused, and maybe some protocols to prevent it. It’s a subject that I believe you’d have a lot to speak about, and it has the audience interest as well.
@nakedwarrior3726
@nakedwarrior3726 3 місяці тому
been waiting for this one for a long time. You're the man!
@olgazavilohhina6854
@olgazavilohhina6854 3 місяці тому
¡Hola Profe! Important topic for majority of us,with a lot of actionable tools to try out as always. Thank You, Your hard work is truly appreciated by all of us.
@russellseguin2334
@russellseguin2334 2 місяці тому
I loved this episode, give us more on all aspects of memory. I recently had 2 auditory experiences that I've never heard about before. In one, I reached for my toothbrush in the shower, heard a click, and realized the brush wasn't there... but then realized it had fallen *outside* of the shower 30 seconds earlier and my brain was replying the sound that had been insignificant until looking for the toothbrush (my son, also a brain nerd, had a similar experience with his cell phone slipping off of his car roof). In the 2nd experience, I was repeating the name of a street I'd parked on. On the way to the expo, I drifted into deep thought on other issues. 10 minutes later, I suddenly noticed a little part of my brain still repeating the street name! Previously when using this memory technique, I'd completely lose the thought if I let my mind wander from the chant... fascinating!
@travisparker2428
@travisparker2428 3 місяці тому
I really enjoyed this episode, as I do all of them. This source of information you provide is extremely valuable to me and many others I know so for that, thank you. I will exercise the invitation to recommend a topic of discussion however, and that is “dental hygiene”. I feel it is hardly discussed, if ever mentioned in mainstream health media but is extremely important for overall well being. Directly corollated to cardiovascular health, diabetes, gut biome, mental health, and many other things I’m sure you are aware of. Anyway, thank you for all you do for us, much love 🙏
@everydaysports9199
@everydaysports9199 3 місяці тому
I have literally been thinking about how Important working memory is this weekend, and then this episode dropped.
@csillatalamasz196
@csillatalamasz196 3 місяці тому
Thank you for your dedication to sharing knowledge and empowering your listeners with actionable tools. Your work has made a meaningful difference in my approach to tasks & productivity.🧠
@annawilson3824
@annawilson3824 3 місяці тому
1:06:20 so cold bath before is for focus, but after is to cement the learning, as taken from the prev episode. Thank you, Andrew!
@rm-qp8hh
@rm-qp8hh 2 місяці тому
I love this episode! It validates my protocol even though I didn’t know yoga nidra increases dopamine. I inherited autoimmune issues made much worse after I got Covid, I’m afraid I’m walking straight into Parkinson’s. One of the yoga apps I used during the pandemic had yoga nidra. Since I couldn’t and can’t sleep ( try almost everything, I gave up) did yoga nidra every night. Now I alternate with binaural beats ( thanks to you). I don’t sleep more but I get up better. Where I do feel the dopamine out of charts is after the cold showers in the backyard rain or shine, or in the plunges into the Sierra’s lakes. My daughter’s friend is doing some research in Barcelona about sound, mind, music…( maybe in the University, don’t remember) and she was very impressed when mom, I, asked about the 40 Hz binaural beats. So, thanks for that too! ( ¡Madre mia, cuanto sabe este hombre!)
@Deelitee
@Deelitee 3 місяці тому
THANK YOU, Dr. Huberman!! Been anticipating this one.🧠📝
@christianoneis6715
@christianoneis6715 3 місяці тому
I'd like to suugest an episode (or even a chapter within an episode) related to light mode / dark mode on devices. How effective dark mode is to protect eyes and assure a good sleep? Does it save eyes or vision system? Furthermore I'd like to congratule Mr. Huberman and all the Hubermanlab team for the amazing content delivered every week. You guys really rock! The podcast has been part of my weekly routine for 2 years now.... Cheers!
@sandrasetian9218
@sandrasetian9218 3 місяці тому
Thanks for this episode Professor, after researching ADHD management for both my sons, I am coming to the conclusion that I too have the inattentive attention deficit. I don't think of it as a disorder, just a challenge to function in modern western society and the ways we are meant to relate. With this in mind, I would love to hear a conversation regarding ADHD and it's causes between yourself and Dr Gabor Mate. I hope to hear you both on the same pod soon!
@Yeeeeeehaw
@Yeeeeeehaw 3 місяці тому
I really need this 😰 Thank you Dr Huberman
@lukeschmidt6064
@lukeschmidt6064 3 місяці тому
I would love to eventually see an episode on head injuries, the long-term effects, how it affects youth, and the studies on CTE. For context: I had a head injury at 14 years old from multiple hits while playing hockey, and I did occupational and speech therapy for ten months, but I still struggle with the memory of nouns (people’s names whom I am close with, places names I’ve been to regularly, or things and objects I should regularly remember). I also struggle with energy levels daily (although I have seen more energy while taking daily steps from the knowledge I’ve learned from your podcast and people like Rick Rubin). I also have relatives; all three brothers had career-ending brain injuries while in the NHL and NFL, and they still affect each of them daily.
@jeotee
@jeotee 3 місяці тому
Thanks for another great episode! I don't know if it has been suggested already before by someone else, but I would love to see Dr. Alok Kanojia as a guest. Although he's not working at Harvard anymore, I think he has truly interesting things to say and insights to offer on meditation, gaming addiction, the challenges of modern technology, and how Eastern spirituality can complement Western science.
@burbsburbs5923
@burbsburbs5923 3 місяці тому
You are Blessed brother.. Keep spreading the knowledge..I’m so grateful.. Love every podcast. Keeping rising 👆🤛🤝
@reinierbroer3684
@reinierbroer3684 4 дні тому
Dear Andrew, for me, having (Grade 3) TBI, your content is very helpful and practical in improving my lifestyle in order to be workable. With my fully heart, I want to thank you for your contribution in giving me my life back. Because I can imagine that I overlook some topics, I would really like an all-encompassing (general) protocol for (partially) resolving cognitive impairments as result of acquired brain injury (like optimizing working memory). This would be really helpful for me and a big silent group of young fellows. I know there is a big group of them, which are not able to inform themselves in how to deal with this really impactful situation and are struggling to live a life nowadays. Carefully I want to say that this target group, really needs help from a good-willing smart people like you. I’m open for contact. Gr Reinier
@rhondashank1478
@rhondashank1478 2 місяці тому
I can't believe I remembered the first two letter sets, but then we you read the six sentences I could only remember two of the last words. I make an effort to quickly remember people's names when I first meet them by repeating their name over and over, 5-10 times. It usually works, even with a lot of people. It also helps to remember then in order if I'm at a meeting. Sometimes I do recall all the names, but not always. I'm approaching 60 so I'm looking for ways to keep my memory sharp. I have noticed with past pregnancies and one time when I went through a small depression (due to being bullied at work) that my memory was really poorly affected. I haven't listened to all your podcasts, but I do wonder if anxiety, depression affects memory. That seems to be possible after listening to this podcast. Thank you for what you do.
@cliffordwigg1638
@cliffordwigg1638 3 місяці тому
Thanks Andrew for this episode on working memory. It is something I need to work on more. Thanks for some tools to help us n prove this deficit in life. I will be at your AMA in Melbourne this months. No doubt you are a busy man while over here but if you have a chance feel free to join mus on a hike up the fire trail for a great view of melbourne. Best either early morning or evening. Keep up the great work no doubt you have helped many in life by making science accessible.
@jaluban
@jaluban 3 місяці тому
Another great one. Thank you! ... I've heard you say that you read all of the comments, so hopefully you read this one - suggestion for a future episode: microplastics and the effect they are having inside of our bodies. I don't know if there's anything we can do about it, but I keep hearing how all of us have a certain level of microplastics inside of us, stimulating the release of endocrine disruptors and latching onto the outer membrane of red blood cells, affecting their ability to absorb oxygen, among other issues. there's a lot of BS out there about health, but I trust you and would love to hear an episode about this.
@fatemehmirrostami9484
@fatemehmirrostami9484 3 місяці тому
I learned a lot from you but I forgot most of them. I hope this episode helps me to retain them 😊
@CollinNesvacil
@CollinNesvacil 3 місяці тому
This is perfect, I am so burnt out from school and can't retain information.. I needed this video
@DocJon1
@DocJon1 3 місяці тому
Can't wait to listen ! Thanks andrews , always love your content
@jhaskell9973
@jhaskell9973 3 місяці тому
I really enjoyed this episode! Relative dx with low average working memory almost 10 years ago….had a hard time understanding it and the practical implications at the time….. lots of reading on line has helped….this podcast is just amazing! Thank you!… possible future podcast on pseudo seizures?
@paulx7620
@paulx7620 3 місяці тому
I was able to remember the first sequence perfectly, 3 into the second string but the longest string at the end I couldn't repeat a single letter beyond the w immediately after as if my memory was completely filled with the first. But I used mnemonics for the first two strings. My memory is far below average. Anyone who read this I hope you have a beautiful blessed day 👍
@willv88
@willv88 3 місяці тому
I was exactly the same actually. I think when using different strategies we focus our attention on different things which leads to different results. When Huberman asked the first sequence of letters I still remembered them. Mnemonics and chunking are great for certain situations.. No big deal, learned something new.
@paulx7620
@paulx7620 3 місяці тому
@@willv88 I still remember the first sequence jkzpi next started with rom last I think started with W. Over a day ago but I remember Just Kidding Zebra Per Inch (jkzpi) for that first sequence then Range Of Motion (rom). Definitely didn't cheat and I'm not bragging I'm notorious for bad memory 😂. Anyway have a beautiful day/evening.
@ladymagveg
@ladymagveg 3 місяці тому
I actually remembered 1st the most, then 2nd and last almost nothing
@paulx7620
@paulx7620 3 місяці тому
@@ladymagveg I was exactly the same! I still remember the first one 4 days after the episode. But by the 3rd sequence I just couldn't take in anything after the first letter even as he was saying it, as if my short term memory was completely maxed out. Thanks for sharing 👍
@acostaabogados3840
@acostaabogados3840 3 місяці тому
Wonderful podcast. Clear, complete, understadable, useful, 👏
@dianegilbank5095
@dianegilbank5095 3 місяці тому
Amazing podcast I listen to you everyday on my walks and was laughing to myself as I was doing the memory retention exercises! I was honest too! I am very interested in the L tyrosine you mentioned. Thank you for your wonderful delivery and great content.Diane from York England
@JenniferSmilesNow
@JenniferSmilesNow 3 місяці тому
I tested in the 36th percentile for working memory- drs have been treating it as a brain injury from car accident in 2006 when I was 34… finding out now a lot of it is hormone related. Finally at 51 getting hormones that are helping- and 19th percentile proprioception is being increased by a postural restoration specialist who prescribed different shoes, mouth piece to feel teeth and rest tongue on roof of mouth, and prism glasses. From top lawyer and salesperson for international company, prior to accident- to unable to be on phone and write down appointment time trying to be made at same time.
@sergealexandre4510
@sergealexandre4510 3 місяці тому
Excellent, as always. Thank you! 🌞
@haiderdurrani16
@haiderdurrani16 3 місяці тому
Dr. Huberman, superb content as always! Please keep it up, the world needs more of your guidance. Sincerely, Ali
@indigo_dreamz
@indigo_dreamz 3 місяці тому
Thank you Dr Huberman this was incredibly useful for me, a true fountain of knowledge ⛲❤️
@RedArtistx
@RedArtistx 3 місяці тому
I'm sure a lot of people will appreciate this. Very interesting to hear about experiments involving other neurotransmiters having no effect on working memory, and that working memory is so dependent on dopamine.
@sametyetimoglu6026
@sametyetimoglu6026 3 місяці тому
Well, this is some very convenient timing! I just recently began researching more about working memory and how to improve it. Thank you, Andrew.
@chazlon5061
@chazlon5061 3 місяці тому
It's really great that Dan Campbell is doing podcasts now! I'm sorry about his teams loss last sunday.
@FastJen39
@FastJen39 3 місяці тому
Great episode. I am going to refer back in myself analysis of use of subconscious while also a high volume server something I’ve been able to do very well and just yesterday had a triangular moment with nature through my pineal and chest centers 🙏
@mymom9466
@mymom9466 3 місяці тому
OMG this is so needed thank you!
@lupmindscape
@lupmindscape 3 місяці тому
Hi Mr Huberman! I hope you continue to change the world and thank you for changing mine! I do hope you will consider a potcast with Bryan Johnson as he spends tons to change everything about his age and health. Exciting!
@alexsanderrain2980
@alexsanderrain2980 3 місяці тому
These lectures are invaluable
@51V18
@51V18 3 місяці тому
This episode came just in time for me. I just finished Stefan Van der Stigchel book on concentration and the role of working memory in learning and deep work was something I always overlooked.
@justinvillalva7782
@justinvillalva7782 2 місяці тому
After watching this video a few times, I’d really like to have an episode where you go through the ingredients of energy drinks, explicitly C4 energy drinks, and describe the effects of things such as L-carnitine and Phenylalanine. Lastly, thank you so much for sharing all of these amazing videos! I’ve already listened to dozens of hours of your lessons!
@ariel1227
@ariel1227 3 місяці тому
Thank you so much, Dr Huberman.
@GuoJing2017
@GuoJing2017 3 місяці тому
Hi Andrew. I am really interested in learning more about sports psychology. I would love to listen to an episode about this. High performance, how professional athletes can play in such high pressure situations and stay relaxed. I am currently reading chimp paradox which has a lot of great insights but would be amazing to hear more specific information from a researcher in this area. Love the podcast btw
@JowlsMcMutt
@JowlsMcMutt 3 місяці тому
Chimp paradox is a goated book
@justin.baer_
@justin.baer_ 3 місяці тому
Great episode, Andrew, thank you very much for your work. I am 16 years old, and you inspired me for neurobiology, which is why I am looking forward to learning many new things about this topic and hopefully will be able to study it!
@staceygantt1119
@staceygantt1119 2 місяці тому
I truly appreciate this channel.
@emilywilsdon879
@emilywilsdon879 2 місяці тому
Hi Andrew, just wanted to say I love your podcast and find your work extremely fascinating and informative. Have you looked into the research currently being done on functional mushrooms or considered doing a podcast on this topic? It is certainly a growing area of interest at the moment- how functional mushrooms possibly interact with and stimulate the brain and support other immune functions in the body. I was hoping you might bring it to light in one of your podcasts!
@merlinrehms8998
@merlinrehms8998 3 місяці тому
Professor Huberman, wanted to suggest an idea (in case it had not been brought up yet) for a discussion topic: Anger and Hate. What are the exact mechanisms of aggression? Why are people prone to anger, some more than others? What tools could be used to manage it better? Why do people sometimes gravitate to violence on a physiological level? I know other episodes dealt with emotions and tools provided help creating more balance overall but a talk specific about anger and hate, studies that go in depth exploring those emotions could provide some benefits for society. Seemingly in our current times people become more defensive about their values and less willing to engage thoughfully across the spectrum (though that may be limited perception issue, this could always have been the case). Is our modern society more prone to anger or less? Is it generational biases that were always there and will always be there.? Where could we find a balance within between peace and standing firm? Thank you and your team for the time and effort providing us with these lessons.
@TheHubermanChronicles
@TheHubermanChronicles 3 місяці тому
Informative podcast again, thank you. 👍
@fissionmail3d
@fissionmail3d 3 місяці тому
I sit and listen to the podcast and I have to constantly remind myself to pay attention and reflect on what is being said, otherwise I zone out and/or get distracted. When it came to the second test I therefore assumed I would score low-average. I scored 5 which according to Dr. Huberman is 'exceedingly rare'. Very chocking, and shows how wrong you can be in evaluating your own cognitive capacity.
@delf007videos
@delf007videos 3 місяці тому
Thank you for your insightful and fascinating videos. Can you please make a podcast about children and how to look after their health? They're always the exception when you talk about a topic, but a whole episode on how to be a good parent would be really useful!
@skate2him
@skate2him 3 місяці тому
As someone who has attention and focus problems sometimes, this episode was super fascinating. I had a question about the effects on working memory capacity of having focus / attention interrupted during a sequence of tasks. As I was performing the second working memory test (remembering the last word of 6 sentences), it occurred to me that had I paused the podcast immediately after you stated the objective, I would have been able to recall more than the 2 of 6 words that I did. In other words, my subjective experience was that the breaking of focus resulting from listening to the subsequent short monologue reminding listeners of the working memory capacity normal distribution before I ACTUALLY tried to recall the final words resulted in a much reduced working memory "length," let's say (as opposed to actual capacity). This aligns with my personal life experience, in that I find that if I have a heavy focus on something, my ability to remember and sequence tasks using working memory is greatly increased versus when I have distractions breaking my attention and focus. Very curious to hear your thoughts on this phenomenon!
@user-zg2ng5fs2p
@user-zg2ng5fs2p 3 місяці тому
I was looking forward to this topic as someone with diagnosed adhd and who takes stimulants yet lacks with working memory. I was hoping more of a supplement that targets working memoy such as Cialis which seems to work for me. None of the Dopamine increase methods would be relevant to me because my dopamine is high enough already with the stimulants. Hence really this episode would have been more useful to me if you had proposed some supplements or other methods to improve working memory, separate from the usual dopamine increasing substances or protocols.
@woodyeturralde7991
@woodyeturralde7991 3 місяці тому
Thank you for educating us, your interest, and your care to improve our Short Term Memory. Plz consider having a guest speaking about Chondro Sarcoma of the Coccyx. Woody E.
@davidperfette1425
@davidperfette1425 3 місяці тому
When I was tested for learning disabilities eighteen years ago, my working memory was high average. A year and a half ago, after I quit alcohol for several months and was eating a low-carb diet, practicing intermittent fasting, and exercising daily, I did a working memory test given in a TED talk on the subject. I could recall all the items in the test. Right now, just a couple of weeks removed from a long relapse with alcohol, I couldn't remember one word from your test. After watching your talk on the effects of alcohol, I sure as hell hope this is reversible. I started watching this yesterday but stopped because I dreaded the idea of being tested.
@kim-op8hx
@kim-op8hx 3 місяці тому
When I remember something well, it's covenient but when a lot of my predictions came true, it feels dreadful.
@avanm653
@avanm653 3 місяці тому
Dr. Huberman, I should thank you a lot for all the good stuff you put out there and for making people interested in science :) I love your tone and the way you present scientific materials. I have a quick question about this episode as well: Does language play a role in performance on the working memory test? Would my results change if I took the tests in my mother tongue (which is not English)? Thanks!
@JM10344
@JM10344 3 місяці тому
Congrats on the partial purchase of Mateina Yerba Mate. A smart people's drink. My friend is a student of Psycho Pharmacology got into that 2+ year ago. Telling me all the benefits.
@michaeldigiulio6327
@michaeldigiulio6327 2 місяці тому
This is from the Heart - I feel like i have Hope purpose with ur wisdom and passion in helping US - I didn’t know how to handle life issues especially being a national medic in Chicago land area - I LoVe You and our the Sensei I want have purpose in overcoming lives adversity in a righteous way
@RoaaMansour-pc7sr
@RoaaMansour-pc7sr 3 місяці тому
You really know how to make the best of science thank you for your efforts to help the humanity ❤
@FamRoso-uj3qj
@FamRoso-uj3qj 3 місяці тому
Hi HubermanLab-Crew! First of all, I want to thank you for your life-enhancing podcast. I have been studying at the university of Zurich and working simultaneously for a couple of years now and I can definitely say that the accumulation of knowledge through some of your podcasts helped me go trough hard times. I would like to know if it could be possible to create a comprehensive podcast about the prefrontal cortex (and how one can increase its function)? I think that this particular area of the brain is crucial for humankind‘s progress in general. I would appreciate it, if you could give me an answer. I wish you a pleasant day!
@user-ex3py1ki8n
@user-ex3py1ki8n 3 місяці тому
One more comment of appreciation from me ❤ I do need to increase my working memory while drawing and painting portraits. I occasionally sell my paintings, but I tend to spend a hell lot of time to copy facial features. I would love to be able to remember the way each fragment of a face relates to the others without checking a hundred or times.
@Eric-nu2or
@Eric-nu2or 3 місяці тому
Thank you for all your great work
@michellegreinke6102
@michellegreinke6102 2 місяці тому
I would love to hear a podcast on aneurysms. I recently found out I have one, and would love to get educated more on this
@shady1137
@shady1137 3 місяці тому
I have a criticism, but first I would like to say thank you for such a wonderful episode. This is one of the most useful topics you covered and an episode topic ive been waiting for you to get to as someone struggling with working memory. My criticism is that you didnt go into any methods on how to improve your base working memory with tools and neuroplasticity, which there are tools that do this and some studies that support its effects. One tool is N-back memory training. There is controversial nature vs nurture arguments surrounding the studies of this tool, but from what ive learned through this podcast it absolutely should boost your working memory, and might even be the most useful tool to improving working memory in individuals who already score high in working memory tests. My observation personally from using it is that it boosts working memory, but my theory to producing a more robust working memory is to engage in various activities and tools that boost working memory in different ways. I def feel the acetylcholine when using this tool, its very stressful even the starting level. But i def notice an improvement to cognitive function. Mentioning this tool in this podcast and going over the studies surrounding it woild gave been a great addition to the episode. Thanks as always for providing us with some of the most valuable information out there in vast quantities for free. I love you huberman, keep it up!
@minnie-1111
@minnie-1111 3 місяці тому
thank you so much for this sir
@mike.delia26
@mike.delia26 3 місяці тому
I just cannot put my feelings into words. I spent countless hours writing down notes and studying many of your podcast episodes since you've debuted and I'm so fantastically grateful for everything that you've done for your viewers, for changing my life, and for who you are in essence. Thank you, Andrew, from the bottom of my heart and soul. I admire you so much and I wish you and your loved ones the best 2024 you can all possibly have! 🤍
@cmauro7912
@cmauro7912 3 місяці тому
The explanation about the dopamine levels being too high and too low got me into asking the right question, (thank you!). I found the following: . For example, some studies have found that people with ADHD have higher levels of dopamine transporters, which remove dopamine from the synaptic cleft, reducing its availability and signaling 14. Other studies have suggested that people with ADHD have lower levels of dopamine synthesis or release, which can also affect the dopaminergic pathway. These were found on Healthline and Verywellmind. I was curious as to how many receptors dopamine has as I have one that is normal and another one that is not. There are 5 different receptors, but I don't have a full list in my 23andme chip version.
@ES-rk4gh
@ES-rk4gh 3 місяці тому
Dr huberman, please do a podcast on alzheimer and the recent studies on possible treatments for it plus what the caregivers could do to help their patient
@iamandythecool4102
@iamandythecool4102 3 місяці тому
Dr, couple of questions: 1. What is the effect of full/partial night sleep (studying various ratios of NREM and REM sleep) on woking memory? 2. Can working memory be improved by "pure repetitive practice" ? Can actively trying to get better at memory tests like the one you showcased, help to improve baseline levels of dopamine and working memory performance?
@IsmaelKvothe
@IsmaelKvothe 3 місяці тому
I hope you trust my answers. 1. Your sleep has a lot of influence onto your working memory by decreasing Dopamine linear to decreased sleep quality, as well as your overall attention and focus. The phase that determines your Dopamine levels is REM sleep but for your behaviours this does not change anything because slow wave sleep is equally as important. REM sleep gets demolished when not sleeping the night through, so do not get light in the eyes during the night and do not split up your sleep in to brackets. Sleep the night through! 2. Yeah you certainly can, your body gets more efficient in releasing Dopamine which makes your focus sharper. Imagine it like a muscle that can be trained, with everything this of course just goes to a specific degree and genetics do play a huge role in your Dopamine and with that your working memory.
@Suneriins234
@Suneriins234 3 місяці тому
It's been long time, we're waiting for these solo sessions ❤❤ Absolutely love these sessions
@ago255
@ago255 3 місяці тому
Please make a video about the transmission of information from working memory to short term and long term memory? As an inflicted person, i am interested in how to strengthen the connection. Thank you for all you do 🙏
@Naz-Had
@Naz-Had 3 місяці тому
Could you please provide tools to prevent burn-out or what to do if you think you are burnt out? I would like to self report to you that I follow the routines and protocols you provided since the very first session of your podcast as well as on other's podcasts. Something that helped me a bit was meditation but would like to know your opinion. (FYI, I don't have any social media, no netflix, and I would like to think I have my dopamine system under control). As always, thank you so much, from selfishly, your number 1 fan.
@jlawdjo
@jlawdjo 3 місяці тому
Hi Andrew - Thanks for your effort in sharing this information and your expertise. I've been listening since your first podcast episode launched and have recommended it to numbers family and friends. Can you please consider focusing on concussion and more specifically "post concussion syndrome" (PCS)? I understand that there are mentions of concussion and TBI in other podcasts but this long term version of brain injury seems to be less understood. It would be good to know what aspects and tools of other subjects (e.g. working memory) are applicable to or should be avoided when trying to understand the treatment protocols for PCS. Thanks again for all you do.
@rizwanhussain645
@rizwanhussain645 2 місяці тому
Very informative podcast as always though I am surprised no mention of Dual N Back training and it's effect on Working Memory.
@annmarieball2410
@annmarieball2410 3 місяці тому
Such a huge fan of yours! Can you do an episode on strabismus? There is not much information out there about this topic and my child was just diagnosed. Lots of different opinions out there but I want the facts. I know you’re the guy to ask!
@constitutionalistt
@constitutionalistt 3 місяці тому
Dr Huberman, please consider making more 90 min around videos, cuz brains thinks its not that long of a video nd one can watch it in just one siting....nd idk why whenever the video exceeds 2hr time frame the bain just avoids it.....its both a suggestion and a ques sir why brain functions that way with numbers??....a huge admirer of your work..i wish for your long healthy life..
@willv88
@willv88 3 місяці тому
I never look at the video length and just chunk it into several sessions when it's longer. Just think of it as listening to a conversation - not something that you have to finish.
@Theafire
@Theafire 3 місяці тому
Thank you sir for helping millions of people
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