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I watch a ton of science videos. This is, by far (it's not even close), the best video I have ever seen that explains the standard model as a whole. I am a 100% layman when it comes to science, yet the video explained concepts in understandable ways that, until now, have frustratingly escaped me. Further, as a history nerd, I loved how it traces the evolution of the theories that formed the foundations and progression of the standard model. Even with a length of nearly an hour and a half, I'm sure the editor had to make hard choices. Yet it strikes the proper balance where there is nothing unnecessary, but leaves no holes. That is a sure sign of superior writing and editing. I can't imagine how long it took to create the script and the effort it took to write it. I'm grateful that the editor took the risk of leaving it as one video rather than chopping it up. I will be re-watching this video over again (probably many times) to solidify my understanding of the standard model. This is truly a masterful video! Bravo!

This channel is a gift to humanity. The ability to explain the complexity of the Standard Model without overwhelming the audience (at least me) is truly something special. I thought the pinnacle was achieved with the 2.5 hour episode...but you guys keeping producing masterpiece after masterpiece. BRAVO!

This channel is so refreshing especially among the AI generated cosmology redundancies on UKposts... I ordered from the website shop and will continue to support this channel! Keep up the excellent work!

Phenomenal video as always left a comment on one of your videos @HistoryoftheUniverse a year ago saying how these videos helped me get through the death of my mom and then best friend shortly after life is tough but a year later I’m still here I’m almost a year sober and following my passions like physics and astronomy I have a career now a wonderful girlfriend and dog and we all watch these videos now… it’s the little things like these videos, and this channel…times change life has ups and downs if your struggling right now just know things will get better, there’s always more to enjoy in life…like videos on this channel 😊

The style is not identical (of course it should not be - times and the medium change), but these videos remind me (old as I am) of the glory days of the BBC's "Horizon" before it degenerated into CGI fuelled baby food. Brilliant and thank you.

Inital comment of a recent subscriber knowing this channel is of many creators; You people are truly gifted. The visuals, the audio, the script, the content. Another absolutely phenomenal masterpiece of scientific communication for the average person. A God-like presentation.

This video was amazing. I'm an armchair physicist who failed calculus but I am fascinated with the quantum world and you have filled in so many blanks for me Thank you very much. I have already bookmarked it so I can watch it again.

Usually videos like these help me drift off to sleep. With yours, no matter how drowsy I am, I fight sleep in order to watch more. You have a true gift. Thank you for sharing it with all of us.

“We are trying to prove ourselves wrong as quickly as possible, because only then do we make progress” - Richard Feynman What a simple yet wonderful quote that represents how science, unlike beliefs or dogmas, improves our knowledge and capabilities regarding the universe.

One of the better episodes lately IMO. Simply superb. Love this channel.

I wish there was a dvd collection of your videos with a giant book available. I would shell out the money for something like that. Your stuff is phenomenal!

History of the universe series is so amazing! From the music, voice, cadence, topics, flow, everything. I always look forward to these and the production team does a great job!

I may not understand or retain any of this information, but watching your videos somehow expand my knowledge even without me not knowing. In a way, your videos are refreshing to me. They make me feel so small in the universe and makes me realize how much I don’t know, but in a way, It just makes me want to learn more.

i love this channel, i have watched every single video multiple times, and it is such a treat whenever there is a new one - like christmas morning lol This series is amazing and the content is unmatched - one of if not the best on this topic...truly thank you !

Absolutely perfect, I honestly can't find the words to express the absolute joy and wonder that I get from all of your videos! This one in particular is one of my favorites, I usually learn at least 1 thing from each episode, but this one has cleared up an overall misunderstanding I had regarding the weak force and Higgs field. Thank you and I can't wait for the next one!

This has been my favorite production of yours so far. I absolutely LOVED learning about physicists/scientists I've never heard of. And as others have said, your field(s) explanation will help a ton of people learn about it as it's a very abstract concept.

Absolutely fantastic content as always, guys. Please keep it up ❤‍🔥

This is so well done. Probably one of my favorite video of this whole year.

Hats off to you good sir, one of the most amazing videos ive seen, the intro was phenomenal. Outstanding narration, editing and story telling, all while teaching us something. Your videos go beyond youtube, they are pure quality and will be around for a long time. The way you can inspire curiousity is amazing and Im stoked to get to witness this beauty.

I was wondering how you regularly made such great long form science content, then I saw you had folks like Paul M. Sutter on your team and it all clicked. Keep up the great work, looking forward to the next one as always!

Thank you so much for making this. I was really looking forward to field theory coming from you :)

You can’t go wrong when you start a physics vid with Dr. Feynman.

So interesting and in depth. Love the understanding it shares. So well done.

All your videos are fantastic, each better than the previous. But this one may be your magnum opus. The runtime is daunting, but I was blown away with it's deepness and flow, the storytelling and connection to the brilliant minds making the discoveries. Its captivating and I felt myself yearning to go back and finish the video. There is a certain beauty in learning how the real world works, how things actually behave, the complexity and simplicity. This video (and channel for that matter) captures that joy of learning and discovery and brings it to a level that untrained people can understand. A true gem. Its so good i see myself watchig it multiple times and hopefully I'll retain a bit more.

Wow, this is a treat, I was already celebrating today, but now I feel like the universe is celebrating along with me. Looking forward to consuming this treat 👍

Conservation of Spatial Curvature: Both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature. (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.) Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. An artificial Christmas tree can hold the ornaments in place, but it is not a real tree. String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What did some of the old clockmakers use to store the energy to power the clock? Was it a string or was it a spring? What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine. Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: “We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr (lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958) The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with some aspects of the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”, and the work of Dr. Lisa Randall on the possibility of one extra spatial dimension? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if Quark/Gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks where the tubes are entangled? (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Gluons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change. ===================== Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Could the production of multiple writhe cycles help explain the three generations of quarks and neutrinos? If the twist cycles increase, the writhe cycles would also have a tendency to increase. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. ( Mass=1/Length ) The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge. Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter? Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. This topological Soliton model grew out of that simple idea. I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles. ----------------------

Clearly one of the best videos on this topic ! saw many videos about this topic but still i discovered here new things and connections. Great work !! At first seemd to me i know many of this but few things struck me. I hear about doublets but i don't know about connection to spin and it role in whole history.

Your analogies help clarify difficult to understand concepts. Thank you for producing a well made video.

This was so incredibly well thought-out and put together. From a visual standpoint, as well as from an audio perspective. I hope the creators of this badass educational feat know that they have helped countless others understand very complex matters that eluded them until they sat down and finally saw this. So many concepts I previously failed to truly understand-that I wanted to understand, but the visual/educational/conceptual framework just wasn’t there for me to grasp it. Thank you, whoever you all are, for being such incredible educators.

I feel so bad - I have no idea the complexity that goes into these videos; I just use them to fall asleep

The framing and context given to each and every theory explained is so good that even I feel like I understand what is going on. Excellent work!

I'm literally the 'It's beautiful, I've lookied at this for 5 hours now' meme with this video. Can't stop rewatching it.

Thank you for another outstanding video. You consistently outshine programs that employ a dozen or more "science communicators" After watching this I feel like I have a better grasp of the standard model and most definitely a better understanding of the conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics. Your hard work is much appreciated and it always brightens my day whenever I see that you have released a new video. Thank you!

Thank you for explaining g-factor and how it relates to magnetic dipole moment and the existence of virtual particles. Thanks to you, I finally understand why the new measurements of the Muon moment were such big news in physics a few years back!

Explaining the exact gap(s) that keep Grand Unified Theory from fruition is gold.

This channel is so good, I’m really lucky I found it and I’m grateful to the creators for taking the time and making the effort to create this quality of content. You are masters at what you do 🙇‍♂️

There is an error @ 32:31 where 2P energy level is depicted lower than 2S. The 2P is higher energy than 2S and the atomic energy levels shoul be reversed in the diagram.

"I'll only watch one" 6 hours later here I am. Cheers for the content, lad. Appreciate it.

41:31 I’m just floored. I stopped the video to post my first ever yt comment to express how good this is. I have watched countless yt vids on QM but the level of detail coupled with just visually stunning graphics that helps visualize the quantum world in a way I’ve never seen before

I love how simple analogies are used to in these videos. They start out as just that, an analogy, but they keep being repeated and made more profound and meaningful. Better writing than i have seen on other channels, even high production value channels such as MelodySheep, which if you haven't seen, i recommend you watch because it has the best animation on UKposts and also has very beautiful music.

You and your channel are among a small handful of people that can teach me complex things that stick. That's up there with the greatest of gifts in my opinion, and i suspect its why your channel is one of the fastest growing on youtube. Thankyou

I look forward to every single video on this channel. I must have watched all the videos a dozen times before. By far the best channel on the subject matter. Wish you get a billion subscribers, you're doing humanity a service. I would be really interested in a behind the scenes video to understand what goes into creation of such detailed and beautiful content!

Blown away by the explanitory value of this programme. Best explanation of the standard model I’ve ever seen. BRAVO!

This brought so much together for me that I didn't know much of except the name, in an easy to follow sequence. Well done.

This is one of the most astonishingly well made things I’ve ever had the pleasure of watching. Thank you

Who you calling a quantum field?!

I truly enjoy watching these presentations and I can understand some of what is said. Unfortunately, my memory isn't the best and I'll have to watch it a few more times to get as much as I can.

(paraphrasing) 51:52 "there are more half lives in a second, then there have been seconds in the universe" These channel often trys to make unimaginable things easier to grasp, but this might be the best example.

This video is unbelievably good, and it’s by far my favorite video ever on UKposts. I just watched it the first time and can’t wait to watch it again and again. I’ve seen almost every PBS space time, fermi lab, etc. they’re all amazing too, but this took all of the pieces of information I knew about QM and put it all together so that I understand it like I never quite could before.

"The world is strange..." YES INDEED! Thanks for sharing your work. Greatly appreciated and know that I have been following "History of the Universe" for more years than one. Hahaha!. Keep well!

Just amazing. One of my favorites yet. A+ A+ A+

There are some truly novel explanations and visualizations for the most cutting edge physics, bravo. This channel is just different.

Thank you HoTU! The new episode just made my weekend! And Mr. Kelly's iconic narration is a treasure. I can't help but wonder how many viewers were inspired to delve into physics and astronomy because of the script and his narration.

Ahhh, no better way to start the holidays than a new HOTU video...thanks guys, love your work

Another amazing video. Love the history and emphasis on the amazing discoveries there have been.

Very enjoyable. I won't pretend I understood everything, just a few percent at best (I often have to stop and ponder for a bit), but that part about the tile on the spring setting off a wave opened my eyes completely. No doubt I will have to rewatch this dozens of times before I understand a good deal more of it, but at last I can see how some of this relates to the formation of the Universe from the time of the Big Bang, the initial rapid rate of its expansion then, and why the slower rate expansion of the Universe is said to be speeding up again now. It makes more sense now.

Thank you for everything you and your team have done on all of your channels. This one is my favourite but all of your work is fantastic. And i’m really thankful you’re providing the chance for people to watch content of this level for free on youtube. Keep up the awesome work and i hope you’re taking enough time for your health as well.

Funny how one dose of certain mushrooms makes most people realize that everything is vibrations pretty quickly.

I've watched a lot of similar videos, usually giving up before the end. This is by far the best I have come across. Well done and thank you to everyone involved in the production of it.

This is without a doubt, the best video/lecture on particle physics I have ever seen, and I have seen quite a few.

Honestly, I cannot finish this episode. I've tried at least 10 times. Fall asleep within 10 minutes every time. So fascinating and so peace inducing.

I'm just about to begin another 30 hour weekend in the restaurant kitchen, I can't wait for prep time when I can listen to this beautifully made video in its entirety, thank you HotU, we love every single person that works on this!

As a being captured by the game of chess I loved how you build upon Feynman his analogy. Cheerio. Beside the form, you managed to bring a cross information in an insightful manner. Not sure if you mentioned Feynman diagrams. Which were to me still a bit complex to comprehend. Whilst watching the part on quarks, somewhere at the point where colours were added to the equation, all of the sudden I experienced such a moment of revelation where one suddenly sees, sees within one's understanding. A bit of an Eureka moment, less embarrassing. though. Kindly thank you!

Beautifully done. Your documentaries are as good or better than any on mainstream TV.

That was an amazing video, I find it so cool that in the time since I started watching these videos until now I've learned so much in school and from other videos that I can understand them so much better!

This is the first time I've been told (that i can recall) about the higgs field and electroweak field symetry combination. It makes so much more sense now as before i never understood how higgs helped with symmetry.

As always, yours are the most digestable, comprehensive explanations in the universe, thank you!

This very cool for me because you are filling in gaps from time to time which is very thrilling. It is like finding that special jigsaw piece you needed. I am having my own physics and cosmology season at the moment .I must thank you very much for your very useful video.

I don't know how to quantify my gratitude for this, dare I say, work of art, but to say, "thank you", because it's "so, so good". This is an understatement.

As always the video was amazing, slow paced and perfectly understable for complete begginners. Thanks!

A thoroughly enjoyable, information packed meditation on the complexity of reality. Loved it.

Thanks you made my weekend! ❤

Yay, another video! 😁

I had and will have this fascinating video virtually on loop, hoping that eventually I will absorb many of the higher principals and theories through inculcation and osmosis.

Absolutely perfect. Thank you so much for this gift. I've read numerous other comments and they all express how I felt so it is already written.

We are all so far removed from reality

This fills an important niche. Like lots of armchair astrophysicists, I watch Brian Greene et al, and am familiar with the current failures in modern physics along with the various approaches and opinions to improve things. Yet I have never taken a course in particle physics, so having a greater appreciation for the barriers and work-arounds that has been so successful in getting us to the Standard Model. So Bravo--I think I'll need to watch it a second time to make sure I got the gist of it, and will look at your other episodes.

When Feynman said reality was absurd, and Einstein said non-locality was spooky, they misunderstood the problem. It’s not reality that’s absurd, or spooky, it’s us. It’s our smuggled in intuitions about the nature of reality, that is absurd. Reality appears to be spooky and absurd in comparison to a physical, material, mind independent interpretation of 3D space time. I have infinite respect for both of these brilliant men, but I feel I have stumbled on a profound realisation that simply wasn’t easily available to them due to the nature of human intuition and the narrative nature of our subject understanding of reality. I’m fully open to pushback, here

You have no idea how obsessively I wait for your videos. I finish my chores, make myself a special coffee (with higher calories than usual) and watch.

As usual a superb video. Your channel is among the very best scientific ones on UKposts as it is consistently precise and well documented. Remarkable work on editing and video illustrations. It is quite amazing to be able to deliver this level of quality time and time again.

Just want to say thanks for a really well put together video. Absolutely the best condensed explanation of QFT for laymen like me, as well as detailing each and every step along the way that led to it.

Simply amazing. The graphics used are chosen precisely right. As elusive as Gravity is for the moment, that flowing velvet near the end of the video was simply a delight for the mind while pondering the true workings behind it. I always think it's beautiful how gravity is the cherry on top of the whole system and almost acts as an arrow. Like a grand show on a stage that has to face the crowd for it to have a purpose. Time also has it's own mysteries but for some reason makes more logical sense where gravity *feels* more like something. Good stuff!

My favourite documentary series on my favourite topic

A masterclass in science communication. HOTU is better than any award-winning documentary series. I look forward to new videos very much; they genuinely excite me. You guys are the best. Thank you.

I've never had fine structure explained so clearly before. Well done HOTU and thank you

Just fantastic, only channel in which I've watched every video, some multiple times, the quality is tremendous and the content is excellent

The content of this channel is absolutely wonderful. Thank you for telling it like you tell it.

Tis channel is sooo great. Keep doing what you're doing!

For physicists, you are modeled by quantum fields. It is their job to construct models that give results that match experimental observation. However, although they can predict what will happen from their models, they can never establish what *is*, because observation is limited by being inside the Universe they are trying to observe.

This video was amazing.Inital comment of a recent subscriber knowing this channel is of many creators; You people are truly gifted. The visuals, the audio, the script, the content

54:40 that text transition of "Electroweak field" looks so cool

This show really ties together all the bits and pieces other videos may show. Best comprehensive video on the subject so far!

BEST VIDEO EVER! It should be shown and utilized to teach everyone eventually! With so clear explanations, it's really fun to learn through it.

I have rewatched this 3 times now. Wow... Thank you for this video! I never understood much about the Higgs, no matter how much I tried to learn about it. This video combines everything I've learned before into one complete package. I have never had a youtube channel I was actually excited to get new videos from. Until now, that is.

41:51 I had learned years ago about the fact there is so much space between electrons and protons that it made sense to me that we should be able to walk through walls and fall through objects, but we don't. Why? This moment in the video fully explains why to me. I get it now! Great video. Well presented.

I cannot get enough of these excellent videos on the way mankind discovers how fundamental reality operates. Brilliant minds working together, do brilliant experiments, and a lot of blackboard work.

I cannot properly express my excitement for this episode! Thank you so much!

great vid. really well written script. clear, comprehensive, and engaging. chef's kiss!

I failed physics in high school, but I find all of these videos endlessly fascinating. I just wanted you all to know how much I love the work you all do. From the script, the editing, the presentation to the narration, it's perfection.